ReviewEuropean journal of pharmacology2016
Gamma-linolenic acid, Dihommo-gamma linolenic, Eicosanoids and Inflammatory Processes.
Review in European journal of pharmacology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 145 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
145 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 276 citations in OpenAlex.
- Exploring clinical and genetic evidence in association between unsaturated fatty acids and acne.European journal of nutrition · 2025Pooled it
- Trial
- Trial
- Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acid Supplementation to Reduce Inflammatory Markers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2022Trial
- Effects on Spirulina Supplementation on Immune Cells' Parameters of Elite College Athletes.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Trial
- Prospective clinical trial examining the impact of genetic variation in FADS1 on the metabolism of linoleic acid- and ɣ-linolenic acid-containing botanical oils.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2020Trial
- Fatty Acid Profile and Antioxidant Status Fingerprint in Sarcopenic Elderly Patients: Role of Diet and Exercise.Nutrients · 2019Trial
- Metabolomic Markers of Essential Fatty Acids, Carnitine, and Cholesterol Metabolism in Adults and Adolescents with Phenylketonuria.The Journal of nutrition · 2018Trial
- ω-3 and ω-6 Fatty Acid Supplementation May Reduce Autism Symptoms Based on Parent Report in Preterm Toddlers.The Journal of nutrition · 2018Trial
- Microbial cell factories for gamma-linolenic acid biosynthesis: metabolic engineering, downstream processing, and future perspectives.Bioresources and bioprocessing · 2026Review
- Inflammatory Cytokines as Biologic Signatures of the Effect of Dietary Supplementation With Omega Fatty Acids on Autism-Related Behaviors and Features Among Young Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Soursop-Derived Gut Metabolites Restore Adipose Metabolic Homeostasis and Attenuate Fructose-Induced Adipotoxicity: Mechanistic Insights into the Soursop-Gut-Adipose Axis.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Metabolomics-guided network pharmacology and molecular modeling suggest bioactive components of Chiliadenus montanus associated with multi-target anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2026Article
- Enzymatic Synthesis of Lysophosphatidylcholine Containing γ-Linolenic and Stearidonic Acids in a Solvent-Free System.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Identification of Age-Associated Circulating Proteins and Lipids in 3800 Comorbidity-Enriched Older Adults from Japan-Based Cohorts Using Olink Assays and MRM Mass Spectrometry.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- Spatial mapping of PUFA incorporation into phospholipids with bisallylic deuteration.Journal of lipid research · 2026Article
- High-Load Borage Oil Nanoemulsion Development via Polyol-Free D‑Phase Emulsification.ACS omega · 2026Article
- Foods Fortified with Soybean or Palm Oil Show No Effect on Inflammation or Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: a Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial.Current developments in nutrition · 2026Article
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae UFMG A-905 acts in an animal model of asthma by modulating Th17/Treg responses and increasing fatty acid production.BMC microbiology · 2026Article
85 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA, 18:3n-6) is an omega-6 (n-6), 18 carbon (18C-) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) found in human milk and several botanical seed oils and is typically consumed as part of a dietary supplement. While there have been numerous in vitro and in vivo animal models which illustrate that GLA-supplemented diets attenuate inflammatory responses, clinical studies utilizing GLA or GLA in combination with omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs have been much less conclusive. A central premise of this review is that there are critical metabolic and genetic factors that affect the conversion of GLA to dihommo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA, 20:3n-6) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6), which consequently affects the balance of DGLA- and AA- derived metabolites. As a result, these factors impact the clinical effectiveness of GLA or GLA/(n-3) PUFA supplementations in treating inflammatory conditions. Specifically, these factors include: 1) the capacity for different human cells and tissues to convert GLA to DGLA and AA and to metabolize DGLA and AA to bioactive metabolites; 2) the opposing effects of DGLA and AA metabolites on inflammatory processes and diseases; and 3) the impact of genetic variations within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) gene cluster, in particular, on AA/DGLA ratios and bioactive metabolites. We postulate that these factors influence the heterogeneity of results observed in GLA supplement-based clinical trials and suggest that "one-size fits all" approaches utilizing PUFA-based supplements may no longer be appropriate for the prevention and treatment of complex human diseases.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.