SynthesisPLoS neglected tropical diseases2016
The Burden of Typhoid and Paratyphoid in India: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Synthesis in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 91 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
91 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 202 citations in OpenAlex.
- Using hospital-based studies of community-onset bloodstream infections to make inferences about typhoid fever incidence.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2019Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of conjugate vaccine for typhoid (Vi-DT): Finding from an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomized, non-inferiority, phase III clinical trial among healthy volunteers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of the Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Trial
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- Clinical and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi A Infections in Pediatric Population.Indian pediatrics · 2026Article
- From Crisis to Control: A Study of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Efficacy in Harare, Zimbabwe (2017-2024).Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Exploring barriers to and motivations for vaccine uptake in a typhoid vaccine trial in Vellore, South India: a qualitative study.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Utilizing the effectiveness of phage cocktail to combat Shigella and Salmonella infections and their polymicrobial biofilm control activity.BMC microbiology · 2025Article
- Wastewater surveillance for Salmonella Typhi and its association with seroincidence of enteric fever in Vellore, India.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2025Article
- Enteric Fever with Intussusception, Myocardial Dysfunction, Encephalopathy, and Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis in an Indian Child.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2025Article
- Typhoid conjugate vaccine implementation in India: A review of supportive evidence.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- Antibiotic contaminants and their impact in Gingee River, Puducherry: insights from SPE-UPLC-MS/MS and zebrafish study.Toxicology research · 2024Article
- IAPSM's Position Paper on Typhoid Vaccines for Adult Immunization in India.Indian journal of community medicine : official publication of Indian Association of Preventive & Social Medicine · 2024Article
- Laparoscopic Management of Spontaneous Gallbladder Perforation in Acalculous Cholecystitis: A Case Series.Cureus · 2024Article
- Typhoid & paratyphoid vaccine development in the laboratory: a review & in-country experience.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Review
- Incidence, antimicrobial susceptibility & out of pocket expenditure of severe enteric fever in Chandigarh, north India.The Indian journal of medical research · 2024Article
- Epidemiology of Multidrug-ResistantJournal of tropical medicine · 2024Article
- Acute hepatitis in tropics: A rainbow of causes.Indian journal of gastroenterology : official journal of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology · 2023Article
31 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundTyphoid is an important public health challenge for India, especially with the spread of antimicrobial resistance. The decision about whether to introduce a public vaccination programme needs to be based on an understanding of disease burden and the age-groups and geographic areas at risk.
methodsWe searched Medline and Web of Science databases for studies reporting the incidence or prevalence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever confirmed by culture and/or serology, conducted in India and published between 1950 and 2015. We used binomial and Poisson mixed-effects meta-regression models to estimate prevalence and incidence from hospital and community studies, and to identify risk-factors.
resultsWe identified 791 titles and abstracts, and included 37 studies of typhoid and 18 studies of paratyphoid in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The estimated prevalence of laboratory-confirmed typhoid and paratyphoid among individuals with fever across all hospital studies was 9.7% (95% CI: 5.7-16.0%) and 0.9% (0.5-1.7%) respectively. There was significant heterogeneity among studies (p-values<0.001). Typhoid was more likely to be detected among clinically suspected cases or during outbreaks and showed a significant decline in prevalence over time (odds ratio for each yearly increase in study date was 0.96 (0.92-0.99) in the multivariate meta-regression model). Paratyphoid did not show any trend over time and there was no clear association with risk-factors. Incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid was reported in 3 and 2 community cohort studies respectively (in Kolkata and Delhi, or Kolkata alone). Pooled estimates of incidence were 377 (178-801) and 105 (74-148) per 100,000 person years respectively, with significant heterogeneity between locations for typhoid (p<0.001). Children 2-4 years old had the highest incidence.
conclusionsTyphoid remains a significant burden in India, particularly among young children, despite apparent declines in prevalence. Infant immunisation with newly-licensed conjugate vaccines could address this challenge.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.