Observational studyMedicine2016
Association Between Estimated 24-h Urinary Sodium Excretion and Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adults: The 2009 to 2011 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
Observational study in Medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 16 citations in OpenAlex.
- Dietary Sodium Intake and Health Indicators: A Systematic Review of Published Literature between January 2015 and December 2019.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2020Pooled it
- More evidence that salt increases blood pressure and risk of kidney disease from the Science of Salt: A regularly updated systematic review of salt and health outcomes (April-July 2016).Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2017Pooled it
- High Estimated 24-Hour Urinary Sodium Excretion is Associated With Metabolic Syndrome and Its Phenotypes: Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study.Journal of nutrition and metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Impact of urinary sodium excretion on the prevalence and incidence of metabolic syndrome: a population-based study.BMJ open · 2023Article
- Salt intake and salt-reduction strategies in South Asia: From evidence to action.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2021Review
- Relationship of Sodium Intake with Overweight/Obesity among Chinese Children and Adolescents: Data from the CNNHS 2010-2012.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Interactive effect of high sodium intake with increased serum triglycerides on hypertension.PloS one · 2020Article
- Close association between circulating high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I and metabolic syndrome in the general population.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2019Article
- Evaluation and implications of salt intake and excretion.Journal of clinical hypertension (Greenwich, Conn.) · 2019Article
- Sodium Intake Estimated from Spot Urine Samples and the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Korean journal of family medicine · 2017Article
- Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
High sodium intake is 1 of the modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but in Korea, daily sodium intake is estimated to be double the level recommended by World Health Organization. We investigated the association between the estimated 24-h urinary sodium excretion (24hUNaE) and metabolic syndrome using nationwide population data. In total, 17,541 individuals (weighted n = 33,200,054; weighted men, 52.5% [95% confidence interval, CI = 51.8-53.3]; weighted age, 45.2 years [44.7-45.7]) who participated in the Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009 to 2011 were investigated. NCEP-ATP III criteria for metabolic syndrome were used, and sodium intake was estimated by 24hUNaE using Tanaka equation with a spot urine sample. The weighted mean 24hUNaE values were 3964 mg/d (95% CI = 3885-4044) in men and 4736 mg/d (4654-4817) in women. The weighted age-adjusted prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 22.2% (21.4-23.0), and it increased with 24hUNaE quartile in both men and women (mean ± standard error of the mean; men: 22.5 ± 1.0%, 23.0 ± 1.0%, 26.0 ± 1.2%, and 26.0 ± 1.2%; P = 0.026; women: 19.4 ± 0.8%, 17.7 ± 0.8%, 19.8 ± 1.0%, and 23.0 ± 1.1%; P = 0.002, for quartiles 1-4, respectively). Even after adjustment for age, daily calorie intake, heavy alcohol drinking, regular exercise, college graduation, and antihypertensive medication, the weighted prevalence of metabolic syndrome increased with the increase in 24hUNaE in men and women. The weighted 24hUNaE was positively associated with the number of metabolic syndrome components after adjustment for confounding factors in men and women. In subjects without antihypertensive medication, the odds ratio for metabolic syndrome in quartile 4 of 24hUNaE compared with quartile 1 was 1.56 (1.33-1.84, P < 0.001) in the total population, 1.66 (1.34-2.06, P < 0.001) in men, and 1.94 (1.49-2.53, P < 0.001) in women. In this nationwide population study, we observed a significant independent association between high sodium intake, estimated by spot urine sodium excretion, and the presence of metabolic syndrome in men and women.
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