ArticleJournal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine2016
GM-CSF Enhances Macrophage Glycolytic Activity In Vitro and Improves Detection of Inflammation In Vivo.
Article in Journal of nuclear medicine : official publication, Society of Nuclear Medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Comprehensive Lipidomic Profiling Reveals Distinct Metabolic Remodeling during Differentiation of Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages.Journal of proteome research · 2026Article
- GM-CSF promotes pro-inflammatory macrophage activation associated with Akt/mTOR signaling during experimental colitis.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Aortic dissection as a disease of vascular wall homeostasis: integrating vasa vasorum-inflammation-metabolism axis for mechanistic insight and clinical translation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Targeting GM-CSF in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Advances in Cytokine-Directed Immunotherapy and Clinical Implications.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Systemic inflammation and fibrocalcific remodeling in aortic stenosis: the interplay of Lipoprotein(a), sex, and valve morphology.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Active LXR signaling, coupled with elevated mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism contributes to GM-CSF-induced trained immunity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Exogenous acetate attenuates inflammatory responses through HIF-1α-dependent glycolysis regulation in macrophage.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2024Article
- Transcriptional profiling of lung macrophages following ozone exposure in mice identifies signaling pathways regulating immunometabolic activation.Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology · 2024Article
- Defining the metabolic signatures associated with human macrophage polarisation.Biochemical Society transactions · 2023Article
- Effects of glycolysis on the polarization and function of tumor‑associated macrophages (Review).International journal of oncology · 2023Review
- Use ofJournal of nuclear cardiology : official publication of the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology · 2022Article
- Oxidative stress, immunological and cellular hypoxia biomarkers in hepatitis C treatment-naïve and cirrhotic patients.Archives of medical science : AMS · 2021Article
- Article
- Inhibition of PFKFB3 Hampers the Progression of Atherosclerosis and Promotes Plaque Stability.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2020Article
- HIF1Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2019Article
- Immunometabolism of Phagocytes and Relationships to Cardiac Repair.Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2019Review
- Anti-colony-stimulating factor therapies for inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2016Review
- Article
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
unlabelled(18)F-FDG accumulates in glycolytically active tissues and is known to concentrate in tissues that are rich in activated macrophages. In this study, we tested the hypotheses that human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a clinically used cytokine, increases macrophage glycolysis and deoxyglucose uptake in vitro and acutely enhances (18)F-FDG uptake within inflamed tissues such as atherosclerotic plaques in vivo.
methodsIn vitro experiments were conducted on human macrophages whereby inflammatory activation and uptake of radiolabeled 2-deoxyglucose was assessed before and after GM-CSF exposure. In vivo studies were performed on mice and New Zealand White rabbits to assess the effect of GM-CSF on (18)F-FDG uptake in normal versus inflamed arteries, using PET.
resultsIncubation of human macrophages with GM-CSF resulted in increased glycolysis and increased 2-deoxyglucose uptake (P < 0.05). This effect was attenuated by neutralizing antibodies against tumor necrosis factor-α or after silencing or inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase. In vivo, in mice and in rabbits, intravenous GM-CSF administration resulted in a 70% and 73% increase (P < 0.01 for both), respectively, in arterial (18)F-FDG uptake in atherosclerotic animals but not in nonatherosclerotic controls. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between in vivo (18)F-FDG uptake and macrophage staining (R = 0.75, P < 0.01).
conclusionGM-CSF substantially augments glycolytic flux in vitro (via a mechanism dependent on ubiquitous type 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase and tumor necrosis factor-α) and increases (18)F-FDG uptake within inflamed atheroma in vivo. These findings demonstrate that GM-CSF can be used to enhance detection of inflammation. Further studies should explore the role of GM-CSF stimulation to enhance the detection of inflammatory foci in other disease states.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.