ArticlePsychiatric services (Washington, D.C.)2016
Racial-Ethnic Differences in Psychiatric Diagnoses and Treatment Across 11 Health Care Systems in the Mental Health Research Network.
Registry-linked trialOpen access · hybridAbstract read
In one paragraph
Article in Psychiatric services (Washington, D.C.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07488156 (The Impact of Health Literacy on the Attitudes Toward Pharmacological Treatment in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder), which is not on this map. Cited by 68 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
68citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
12.8field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Impact of Health Literacy on the Attitudes Toward Pharmacological Treatment in Patients With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder
Who cites it
68 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 127 citations in OpenAlex.
- The range of countermeasures to reduce inequalities in mental health care for socially marginalized or medically vulnerable adults: a PRISMA systematic review.BMC health services research · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Comparison of Black and White participants with severe mental illness in response to cognitive remediation as an augmentation of vocational rehabilitation.Schizophrenia research · 2023Trial
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- Current Psychotropic Medication Use and Contributing Factors Among Nursing Home Residents With Cognitive Impairment.Clinical nursing research · 2021Trial
- Breaking Barriers: Understanding Mental Health Care Disparities in Latino and African American Populations.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Bias Detection in Emergency Psychiatry: Linking Negative Language to Diagnostic Disparities.ArXiv · 2026Article
- Economic Burden Associated with Negative Symptoms Identified Through Natural Language Processing Among Patients with Schizophrenia in the United States.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Predicting and differentiating opioid and non-opioid drug poisonings using health records data.Journal of substance use and addiction treatment · 2026Article
- Patterns and predictors of anxiety medication use among United States adults: a national analysis with a focus on racial disparities in the Asian population.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Predicting and differentiating accidental and self-harm drug poisonings using health records data.PLOS mental health · 2026Article
- Is employment status associated with baseline symptoms, engagement, and outcomes in naturalistic psychotherapy? Evaluation in a large community mental health agency.Psychotherapy (Chicago, Ill.) · 2025Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Prehospital Restraint Use and Sedation.American journal of preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Native American Youth Reflections on Participation in a School-Based Mental Health Intervention Program.International journal for human caring · 2025Article
- Variation in completeness of coding external cause of injuries under ICD-10-CM.Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention · 2025Article
- Racial, ethnic, and neighborhood disparities in diagnosis of perinatal psychiatric illness.AJOG global reports · 2025Article
- Considering the interconnected nature of social identities in neuroimaging research.Nature neuroscience · 2025Review
- Observational
- Collaborative pharmacy research across integrated health systems: A purpose and promise for opportunities to study the complete medication-use process.American journal of health-system pharmacy : AJHP : official journal of the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists · 2025Article
- Addressing epistemic injustice in the mental healthcare of Indigenous people in Bangladesh: Implications for global mental health.Global mental health (Cambridge, England) · 2025Review
8 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Karen J ColemanDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Christine StewartDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Beth E WaitzfelderDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
John E ZeberDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Leo S MoralesDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Ameena T AhmedDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Brian K AhmedaniDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Arne BeckDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Laurel A CopelandDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Janet R CummingsDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Enid M HunkelerDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Nangel M LindbergDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Frances LynchDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Christine Y LuDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Ashli A Owen-SmithDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Connie Mah TrinactyDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Robin R WhitebirdDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Gregory E SimonDr. Coleman is with the Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena (e-mail: karen.j.coleman@kp.org ). Dr. Stewart and Dr. Simon are with the Group Health Research Institute, Group Health Cooperative, Seattle. Dr. Waitzfelder and Dr. Trinacty are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Hawaii, Honolulu. Dr. Zeber and Dr. Copeland are with Health Services Research and Development, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Temple, Texas, and the Center for Applied Health Research, Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple, Texas. Dr. Morales is with the Center for Health Equity, Diversity and Inclusion, University of Washington, Seattle. Dr. Ahmed is with Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco. Dr. Ahmedani is with the Center for Health Policy and Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit. Dr. Beck is with the Institute for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Colorado, Denver. Dr. Cummings is with the Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta. Ms. Hunkeler is with the Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland. Dr. Lindberg and Dr. Lynch are with the Center for Health Research, Kaiser Permanente Northwest, Portland, Oregon. Dr. Lu is with Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston. Dr. Owen-Smith is with the School of Public Health, Georgia State University, Atlanta. Dr. Whitebird is with the School of Social Work, University of St. Thomas/St. Catherine University, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Kaiser Permanente · US
Funding
SSRI's and SuicidalityU19MH092201 · NIMH · KAISER FOUNDATION RESEARCH INSTITUTE · PI SIMON, GREGORY E. · 2010 to 2018
$19.5MNIMH NIH HHS U19 MH092201
Abstract
objectiveThe objective of this study was to characterize racial-ethnic variation in diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders in large not-for-profit health care systems.
methodsParticipating systems were 11 private, not-for-profit health care organizations constituting the Mental Health Research Network, with a combined 7,523,956 patients age 18 or older who received care during 2011. Rates of diagnoses, prescription of psychotropic medications, and total formal psychotherapy sessions received were obtained from insurance claims and electronic medical record databases across all health care settings.
resultsOf the 7.5 million patients in the study, 1.2 million (15.6%) received a psychiatric diagnosis in 2011. This varied significantly by race-ethnicity, with Native American/Alaskan Native patients having the highest rates of any diagnosis (20.6%) and Asians having the lowest rates (7.5%). Among patients with a psychiatric diagnosis, 73% (N=850,585) received a psychotropic medication. Non-Hispanic white patients were significantly more likely (77.8%) than other racial-ethnic groups (odds ratio [OR] range .48-.81) to receive medication. In contrast, only 34% of patients with a psychiatric diagnosis (N=548,837) received formal psychotherapy. Racial-ethnic differences were most pronounced for depression and schizophrenia; compared with whites, non-Hispanic blacks were more likely to receive formal psychotherapy for their depression (OR=1.20) or for their schizophrenia (OR=2.64).
conclusionsThere were significant racial-ethnic differences in diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric conditions across 11 U.S. health care systems. Further study is needed to understand underlying causes of these observed differences and whether processes and outcomes of care are equitable across these diverse patient populations.
Indexed as
AdolescentAdultAgedFemaleHumansMaleMental DisordersMental Health ServicesMiddle AgedPsychotherapyPsychotropic DrugsUnited StatesYoung AdultPsychotropic Drugs
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Read underepoch 390
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NCT07488156ClinicalTrials.gov
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.