ReviewNature reviews. Cancer2016
Sexual dimorphism in cancer.
Review in Nature reviews. Cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 241 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
241 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 368 citations in OpenAlex.
- PDCD1 gene polymorphisms linked with altered risk of female-specific hormone-dependent cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC cancer · 2026Pooled it
- Different outcomes by sex in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients receiving imatinib: a trial-level analysis.International journal of clinical oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Intricate roles of estrogen and estrogen receptors in digestive system cancers: a systematic review.Cancer biology & medicine · 2024Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant immunotherapy plus chemotherapy followed by adjuvant immunotherapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of phase 3 clinical trials.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Pooled it
- Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer may Worsen Prognosis in Elderly Women: Retrospective Analysis of Individual Patient Data from the CLASSIC Study.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2025Trial
- Quality of life assessment in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in REFLECT: a prospective, non-interventional, multicenter, German study, assessing Sandoz rituximab in combination with CHOP.Annals of hematology · 2024Trial
- Sex modulates the long-term effects of delivery mode on microbiota-gut barrier crosstalk and colitis susceptibility in mice.Gut microbes · 2026Article
- Recent advances in hormone-based biopharmaceuticals for cancer therapy.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors in female patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Science China. Life sciences · 2026Article
- Sex of central neurons controls intestinal niche signalling to drive sex differences in stem cell activity and cancer susceptibility.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Article
- Sex differences in non-reproductive cancers: mechanistic roles of sex-hormone signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- Sex Differences in Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Nonreproductive Solid Organ Tumors in the United States, 2015 to 2022.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Prognostic Factors in Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Real-World Study in a Referral Center.Biomedicines · 2026Article
- Integrative Transfer Network: Deep Transfer Learning Across Populations and Prediction Targets.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- A proteogenomic RNA processing mechanism drives sex differences in meningioma.Research square · 2026Article
- Radio(chemo)therapy in anal cancer: evaluation of sex-specific disparities across AJCC stages.Strahlentherapie und Onkologie : Organ der Deutschen Rontgengesellschaft ... [et al] · 2026Article
- Trends in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Mortality by Race, Age, and Gender in the United States Between 1999 and 2020.Cureus · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis and therapy using sex and gender as precision biomarkers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
181 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The incidence of many types of cancer arising in organs with non-reproductive functions is significantly higher in male populations than in female populations, with associated differences in survival. Occupational and/or behavioural factors are well-known underlying determinants. However, cellular and molecular differences between the two sexes are also likely to be important. In this Opinion article, we focus on the complex interplay that sex hormones and sex chromosomes can have in intrinsic control of cancer-initiating cell populations, the tumour microenvironment and systemic determinants of cancer development, such as the immune system and metabolism. A better appreciation of these differences between the two sexes could be of substantial value for cancer prevention as well as treatment.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.