Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27077882›Full record

ReviewNutrients2016

The Essentiality of Arachidonic Acid in Infant Development.

Kevin B Hadley, Alan S Ryan, Stewart Forsyth, Sheila Gautier, Norman Salem

Open access · goldAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Nutrients, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 166 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
166citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
27.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

166 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 358 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
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  5. Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2020
    Pooled it
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  7. Fat supplementation of human milk for promoting growth in preterm infants.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2018
    Pooled it
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  20. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA) balance in developmental outcomes.Prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and essential fatty acids · 2017
    Trial

106 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.

Kevin B HadleyDSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA. kevin.hadley@dsm.com.
Alan S RyanClinical Research Consulting, 9809 Halston Manor, Boynton Beach, FL 33473, USA. alan_s_ryan@yahoo.com.
Stewart ForsythSchool of Medicine, Dentistry & Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee, UK. stewartforsyth@btinternet.com.
Sheila GautierDSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA. sheila.gautier@dsm.com.
Norman SalemDSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21045, USA. norman.salem@dsm.com.
Nutrition 21 (United States) · USClinical Research Consulting · USUniversity of Dundee · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6) is an n-6 polyunsaturated 20-carbon fatty acid formed by the biosynthesis from linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6). This review considers the essential role that ARA plays in infant development. ARA is always present in human milk at a relatively fixed level and is accumulated in tissues throughout the body where it serves several important functions. Without the provision of preformed ARA in human milk or infant formula the growing infant cannot maintain ARA levels from synthetic pathways alone that are sufficient to meet metabolic demand. During late infancy and early childhood the amount of dietary ARA provided by solid foods is low. ARA serves as a precursor to leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes, collectively known as eicosanoids which are important for immunity and immune response. There is strong evidence based on animal and human studies that ARA is critical for infant growth, brain development, and health. These studies also demonstrate the importance of balancing the amounts of ARA and DHA as too much DHA may suppress the benefits provided by ARA. Both ARA and DHA have been added to infant formulas and follow-on formulas for more than two decades. The amounts and ratios of ARA and DHA needed in infant formula are discussed based on an in depth review of the available scientific evidence.

Indexed as

Child DevelopmentNutritional RequirementsArachidonic AcidDocosahexaenoic AcidsHumansInfantMilk, HumanArachidonic AcidDocosahexaenoic Acidsarachidonic aciddocosahexaenoic acidgrowthhuman milkinfant formulalong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids

Identifiers

PMID27077882
PMCPMC4848685
OpenAlexW2338032530

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.