ArticlePublic health2016
The inequitable distribution of tobacco outlet density: the role of income in two Black Mid-Atlantic geopolitical areas.
Article in Public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 38 citations in OpenAlex.
- Neighbourhood inequities in the availability of retailers selling tobacco products: a systematic review.Tobacco control · 2025Pooled it
- Sex Differences in the Synergistic Effects of Distress Intolerance and Anxiety Sensitivity on Alcohol Use and Related Problems Among Black Adults who Smoke.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Use and Academic Achievement Among Predominantly Low-Income Black High School Students.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Tobacco retailer density and rurality across four US states: California, Connecticut, North Carolina, and Ohio.The Journal of rural health : official journal of the American Rural Health Association and the National Rural Health Care Association · 2025Article
- Assessing Temporal Changes in Spatially-Varying Disparities in Tobacco Retailer Density across Ohio.Ohio journal of public health · 2025Article
- The Association between State-Level Structural Racism and Alcohol and Tobacco Use Behaviors among a National Probability Sample of Black Americans.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2024Article
- Tobacco and Alcohol Retailer Availability and Neighborhood Racialized, Economic, and Racialized Economic Segregation in North Carolina.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Variations in Tobacco Retailer Type Across Community Characteristics: Place Matters.Preventing chronic disease · 2022Article
- 'We're not gonna have a big quit if loose ones are around': urban, African American smokers' beliefs concerning single cigarette use reduction.Health education research · 2022Article
- Spatial analysis of tobacco outlet density on secondhand smoke exposure and asthma health among children in Baltimore City.Tobacco control · 2022Article
- Piloting a spatial mixed method for understanding neighborhood tobacco use disparities.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2021Article
- Black, white, or green? The effects of racial composition and socioeconomic status on neighborhood-level tobacco outlet density.Ethnicity & health · 2021Article
- The legacy of redlining: Associations between historical neighborhood mapping and contemporary tobacco retailer density in Ohio.Health & place · 2021Article
- Locations of licensed and unlicensed cannabis retailers in California: A threat to health equity?Preventive medicine reports · 2020Article
- The Potential of Smartphone Apps in Informing Protobacco and Antitobacco Messaging Efforts Among Underserved Communities: Longitudinal Observational Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2020Observational
- Association between neighborhood socioeconomic status, tobacco store density and smoking status in pregnant women in an urban area.Preventive medicine · 2020Article
- School proximity and census tract correlates of e-cigarette specialty retail outlets (vape shops) in central Texas.Preventive medicine reports · 2020Article
- Sociodemographic Disparities in the Tobacco Retail Environment in Washington, DC: A Spatial Perspective.Ethnicity & disease · 2020Article
- The Association Between Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantage and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.International journal of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease · 2020Article
- Tobacco industry and public health responses to state and local efforts to end tobacco sales from 1969-2020.PloS one · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesStudies have shown that communities with higher concentrations of low-income racial and ethnic minorities correlate with a greater presence of tobacco outlets. Community-level income has consistently been among the strongest predictors of tobacco outlet density. This study analyzes two Maryland geopolitical areas with similar racial concentrations yet differing income levels in an attempt to disentangle the race-income relationship with tobacco outlet density. STUDY
designIn this cross-sectional examination of tobacco outlet and census tract-level sociodemographic data, Baltimore City, Maryland, and Prince George's County, Maryland, were geocoded to determine tobacco outlet density.
methodsTobacco outlet density was defined as the mean number of tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per census tract. Comparisons of tobacco outlet density and sociodemographic variables were analysed via two-sample t-tests, and the direct effect of sociodemographic variables on tobacco outlet density for each area was analysed via spatial lag regressions.
resultsPrince George's County, the area with the higher income level ($77,190 vs $43,571), has a significantly lower tobacco outlet density than Baltimore City (P < 0.001). Prince George's County has a 67.5% Black population and an average of 3.94 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. By contrast, Baltimore City has a 65.3% Black population and an average of 7.95 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. Spatial lag regression model results indicate an inverse relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City and Prince George's County (β = -0.03, P < 0.01 &β = -0.01, P = 0.02, respectively), and a significant interaction term indicating a greater magnitude in the relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City (β = -0.05, P < 0.01).
conclusionResults suggest that higher socio-economic status, even in primarily underrepresented racial and ethnic geopolitical areas, is linked to lower tobacco outlet density.
Indexed as
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.