SynthesisBMC public health2016
Effect of pay for performance to improve quality of maternal and child care in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review.
Synthesis in BMC public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Effects of different payment methods on perinatal care outcomes: a systematic review.BMC health services research · 2025Pooled it
- Pooled it
- A systematic review of the effect of performance-based financing interventions on out-of-pocket expenses to improve access to, and the utilization of, maternal health services across health sectors in sub-Saharan Africa.Journal of global health · 2023Pooled it
- Paying for performance to improve the delivery of health interventions in low- and middle-income countries.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- How can human resources for health interventions contribute to sexual, reproductive, maternal, and newborn healthcare quality across the continuum in low- and lower-middle-income countries? A systematic review.Human resources for health · 2021Pooled it
- Quality and women's satisfaction with maternal referral practices in sub-Saharan African low and lower-middle income countries: a systematic review.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2020Pooled it
- How are pay-for-performance schemes in healthcare designed in low- and middle-income countries? Typology and systematic literature review.BMC health services research · 2020Pooled it
- Structural, institutional and organizational factors associated with successful pay for performance programmes in improving quality of maternal and child health care in low and middle income countries: a systematic literature review.Journal of global health · 2018Pooled it
- Paying for Performance to Improve the Delivery and Uptake of Family Planning in Low and Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review.Studies in family planning · 2016Pooled it
- Trial
- Facility-Based Assessment of Emergency Obstetric and Neonatal Care in Vanga Health Zone, Kwilu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo.Wellcome open research · 2026Article
- Using causal loop diagrams to explore the maternal and child health system response to payment for performance in Zambia, and it's generalisability across settings.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- Challenges for health workforce in the Iranian healthcare system: a scoping review.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Identifying the active ingredients in payment for performance programmes using system dynamics modelling.SSM - health systems · 2025Article
- The effects of decentralized financing and funding levels on the breadth of services and structural quality to provide those services in primary health facilities in Nigeria.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Development of an implementation intervention to promote adoption of the COMFORT clinical practice guideline for peripartum pain management: a qualitative study.Implementation science communications · 2025Article
- Article
- Cost-effectiveness of implementing performance-based financing for improving maternal and child health in Ethiopia.PloS one · 2024Article
- Evaluation of a results-based financing nutrition intervention for tuberculosis patients in Madhya Pradesh, India, implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic.BMC global and public health · 2023Article
- The impact of performance-based financing within local health systems: Evidence from Mozambique.Health economics · 2023Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundPay for Performance (P4P) mechanisms to health facilities and providers are currently being tested in several low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) to improve maternal and child health (MCH). This paper reviews the existing evidence on the effect of P4P program on quality of MCH care in LMICs.
methodsA systematic review of literature was conducted according to a registered protocol. MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Embase were searched using the key words maternal care, quality of care, ante natal care, emergency obstetric and neonatal care (EmONC) and child care. Of 4535 records retrieved, only eight papers met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcome of interest was quality of MCH disaggregated into structural quality, process quality and outcomes. Risk of bias across studies was assessed through a customized quality checklist. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: There were four controlled before after intervention studies, three cluster randomized controlled trials and one case control with post-intervention comparison of P4P programs for MCH care in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Egypt, the Philippines, and Rwanda. There is some evidence of positive effect of P4P only on process quality of MCH. The effect of P4P on delivery, EmONC, post natal care and under-five child care were not evaluated in these studies. There is weak evidence for P4P's positive effect on maternal and neonatal health outcomes and out-of-pocket expenses. P4P program had a few negative effects on structural quality.
conclusionP4P is effective to improve process quality of ante natal care. However, further research is needed to understand P4P's impact on MCH and their causal pathways in LMICs.
trial registrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42014013077 .
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.