ArticlePloS one2016
Human Milk Cells and Lipids Conserve Numerous Known and Novel miRNAs, Some of Which Are Differentially Expressed during Lactation.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 55 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
55 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 84 citations in OpenAlex.
- Extracellular vesicle microRNAs in breastmilk of mothers with overweight and obesity: a systematic review.Pediatric research · 2026Pooled it
- Non-Coding RNAs in Human Breast Milk: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Pooled it
- Maternal Vitamin D Status Correlates to Leukocyte Antigenic Responses in Breastfeeding Infants.Nutrients · 2022Trial
- Conserved Core and Species-Specific Signatures in the Milk Exosomal microRNA Targetome: A Preliminary Comparative In Silico Analysis of Human, Cow, Goat and Donkey Milk.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Maternal Obesity and MicroRNAs in Breast Milk: Implications for Infant Developmental Programming.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Review
- Human Milk MiRNA Acts on Infections in Both the Maternal Body and the Child During Breastfeeding.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- ncRNAs in breast milk of mothers with SLE: potential implications for neonatal immune development.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The involvement of human breastmilk-derived extracellular vesicles in the development of infant atopic sensitization.Allergologie select · 2026Review
- Characterization and biological health implications of microRNAs from human milk and infant formulas.NPJ science of food · 2025Review
- Differential microRNAs and metabolites in the breast milk of mothers with adverse childhood experiences.Translational psychiatry · 2025Article
- Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles and microRNAs: Potential Modulators of Intestinal Homeostasis.FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology · 2025Review
- Influence of Maternal Diet and Lactation Time on the Exosomal miRNA Cargo in Breast Milk.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding and Future Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Metabolic Health-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2025Review
- The Impact of Maternal Chronic Inflammatory Conditions on Breast Milk Composition: Possible Influence on Offspring Metabolic Programming.Nutrients · 2025Review
- Article
- Recent insights into breast milk microRNA: their role as functional regulators.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Review
- MicroRNA as a new bioactive component in breast milk.Non-coding RNA research · 2023Review
- Human Breast Milk miRNAs: Their Diversity and Potential for Preventive Strategies in Nutritional Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is rich in miRNAs, which are thought to contribute to infant protection and development. We used deep sequencing to profile miRNAs in the cell and lipid fractions of HM obtained post-feeding from 10 lactating women in months 2, 4, and 6 postpartum. In both HM fractions, 1,195 mature known miRNAs were identified, which were positively associated with the cell (p = 0.048) and lipid (p = 0.010) content of HM. An additional 5,167 novel miRNA species were predicted, of which 235 were high-confidence miRNAs. HM cells contained more known miRNAs than HM lipids (1,136 and 835 respectively, p<0.001). Although the profile of the novel miRNAs was very different between cells and lipids, with the majority conserved in the cell fraction and being mother-specific, 2/3 of the known miRNAs common between cells and lipids were similarly expressed (p>0.05). Great similarities between the two HM fractions were also found in the profile of the top 20 known miRNAs. These were largely similar also between the three lactation stages examined, as were the total miRNA concentration, and the number and expression of the known miRNAs common between cells and lipids (p>0.05). Yet, approximately a third of all known miRNAs were differentially expressed during the first 6 months of lactation (p<0.05), with more pronounced miRNA upregulation seen in month 4. These findings indicate that although the total miRNA concentration of HM cells and lipids provided to the infant does not change in first 6 months of lactation, the miRNA composition is altered, particularly in month 4 compared to months 2 and 6. This may reflect the remodeling of the gland in response to infant feeding patterns, which usually change after exclusive breastfeeding, suggesting adaptation to the infant's needs.
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Registered trials
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