ArticlePloS one2016
Implementation of Tuberculosis Intensive Case Finding, Isoniazid Preventive Therapy, and Infection Control ("Three I's") and HIV-Tuberculosis Service Integration in Lower Income Countries.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 31 citations in OpenAlex.
- Interventions to increase tuberculosis case detection at primary healthcare or community-level services.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2017Pooled it
- A mid-level health manager intervention to promote uptake of isoniazid preventive therapy among people with HIV in Uganda: a cluster randomised trial.The lancet. HIV · 2022Trial
- Addressing challenges in scaling up TB and HIV treatment integration in rural primary healthcare clinics in South Africa (SUTHI): a cluster randomized controlled trial protocol.Implementation science : IS · 2017Trial
- Delays in Tuberculosis Treatment Among People With Pulmonary Tuberculosis in East Africa: Findings From a Prospective Cohort Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Tuberculosis Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention Services for Children Living with HIV in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Multiregional Site Survey.Journal of the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society · 2025Article
- Article
- Loss to follow-up among people living with HIV on tuberculosis preventive treatment at four regional referral hospitals, Uganda, 2019-2021.Journal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2024Article
- Prevalence and predictors of tuberculosis among HIV patients who completed isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) at Reach out Mbuya community health initiative.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Models of integration of TB and HIV services and factors associated with perceived quality of TB-HIV integrated service delivery in O. R Tambo District, South Africa.BMC health services research · 2023Article
- Structural barriers to implementing recommended tuberculosis preventive treatment in primary care clinics in rural South Africa.Global public health · 2022Article
- Integrating services for HIV and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: A global cross-sectional survey among ART clinics in low- and middle-income countries.PLOS global public health · 2022Article
- Improved detection and management of advanced HIV disease through a community adult TB-contact tracing intervention with same-day provision of the WHO-recommended package of care including ART initiation in a rural district of Mozambique.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Article
- Evaluation of the uptake of tuberculosis preventative therapy for people living with HIV in Namibia: a multiple methods analysis.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Knowledge and stigma of latent tuberculosis infection in Brazil: implications for tuberculosis prevention strategies.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Mortality Among People With HIV Treated for Tuberculosis Based on Positive, Negative, or No Bacteriologic Test Results for Tuberculosis: The IeDEA Consortium.Open forum infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Neurological disorders in HIV in Africa: a review.African health sciences · 2019Review
- Integrating immunisation services into nutrition sites to improve immunisation status of internally displaced persons' children living in Bentiu protection of civilian site, South Sudan.The Pan African medical journal · 2019Article
- Extending the reach of integrated TB-HIV services with community health workers.Public health action · 2018Article
- TB preventive therapy for people living with HIV: key considerations for scale-up in resource-limited settings.The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · 2018Article
- HIV screening among newly diagnosed TB patients: a cross sectional study in Lima, Peru.BMC infectious diseases · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
15 authors at 8 institutions in 6 countries.
Funding
Abstract
settingWorld Health Organization advocates for integration of HIV-tuberculosis (TB) services and recommends intensive case finding (ICF), isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and infection control ("Three I's") for TB prevention and control among persons living with HIV.
objectiveTo assess the implementation of the "Three I's" of TB-control at HIV treatment sites in lower income countries.
designSurvey conducted between March-July, 2012 at 47 sites in 26 countries: 6 (13%) Asia Pacific, 7 (15%), Caribbean, Central and South America, 5 (10%) Central Africa, 8 (17%) East Africa, 14 (30%) Southern Africa, and 7 (15%) West Africa.
resultsICF using symptom-based screening was performed at 38% of sites; 45% of sites used symptom-screening plus additional diagnostics. IPT at enrollment or ART initiation was implemented in only 17% of sites, with 9% of sites providing IPT to tuberculin-skin-test positive patients. Infection control measures varied: 62% of sites separated smear-positive patients, and healthcare workers used masks at 57% of sites. Only 12 (26%) sites integrated HIV-TB services. Integration was not associated with implementation of TB prevention measures except for IPT provision at enrollment (42% integrated vs. 9% non-integrated; p = 0.03).
conclusionsImplementation of TB screening, IPT provision, and infection control measures was low and variable across regional HIV treatment sites, regardless of integration status.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.