ReviewBiochemical Society transactions2016
Armored CAR T-cells: utilizing cytokines and pro-inflammatory ligands to enhance CAR T-cell anti-tumour efficacy.
Review in Biochemical Society transactions, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 150 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
150 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 231 citations in OpenAlex.
- CAR-T cell therapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a clinical trial landscape review.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Pooled it
- Demethylation-primed tandem CD19/CD20 CAR T cells in relapsed/refractory B-cell lymphoma: a phase I/II trial.Nature communications · 2026Trial
- The LXRβ/NF-κB axis reprograms CAR-T cells to resist exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment.Oncoimmunology · 2026Article
- A Comprehensive Evaluation of CAR-T Cell Gene Therapy, Tracing its Revolutionary Clinical Breakthroughs and Advancements Towards Next-Generation Engineering.Expert reviews in molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Rethinking Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Integrative Genomics, Immunotherapy, and Molecular-Orthomolecular Strategies.Cancers · 2026Review
- In vivo CAR-cell therapy: current challenges and emerging therapeutic advances.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Endogenous immune recruitment in glioblastoma CAR T therapy: cytokine, myeloid, and chemokine circuitry.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- Imaging assessment of immunotherapy in pediatric brain tumors.Journal of neuro-oncology · 2026Review
- Antiviral drug discovery and development: challenges and future directions.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- Oncolytic Viruses in Cancer Immunotherapy: From Molecular Engineering to Clinical Translation.Cells · 2026Review
- Functional genomics-guided design of CAR-T and CAR-NK therapies in hematological malignancies: aligning cellular engineering with immune escape and microenvironmental resistance.Frontiers in genome editing · 2026Review
- Adoptive T Cell therapy for cancer and autoimmune disease: current advances, challenges, and future directions.Oncology reviews · 2026Article
- Emerging strategies in CAR-T cell therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: overcoming heterogeneity and improving safety through dual-antigen targeting.Experimental hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Genome-edited allogeneic CAR-T cells: the next generation of cancer immunotherapies.Journal of hematology & oncology · 2025Review
- Advancing CAR T-Cell Therapy in Solid Tumors: Current Landscape and Future Directions.Cancers · 2025Review
- Sound activated immune cells.Immunotherapy · 2025Article
- Resistance Mechanisms to BCMA Targeting Bispecific Antibodies and CAR T-Cell Therapies in Multiple Myeloma.Cells · 2025Review
- Advancing CAR-based cell therapies for solid tumours: challenges, therapeutic strategies, and perspectives.Molecular cancer · 2025Review
- Mechanisms of antigen-dependent resistance to chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapies.Cancer cell international · 2025Review
- Article
90 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Chimaeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are T-cells that have been genetically modified to express an artificial construct consisting of a synthetic T-cell receptor (TCR) targeted to a predetermined antigen expressed on a tumour. Coupling the T-cell receptor to a CD3ζ signalling domain paved the way for first generation CAR T-cells that were efficacious against cluster of differentiation (CD)19-expressing B-cell malignancies. Optimization with additional signalling domains such as CD28 or 4-1BB in addition to CD3ζ provided T-cell activation signal 2 and further improved the efficacy and persistence of these second generation CAR T-cells. Third generation CAR T-cells which utilize two tandem costimulatory domains have also been reported. In this review, we discuss a different approach to optimization of CAR T-cells. Through additional genetic modifications, these resultant armored CAR T-cells are typically modified second generation CAR T-cells that have been further optimized to inducibly or constitutively secrete active cytokines or express ligands that further armor CAR T-cells to improve efficacy and persistence. The choice of the 'armor' agent is based on knowledge of the tumour microenvironment and the roles of other elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. Although there are several variants of armored CAR T-cells under investigation, here we focus on three unique approaches using interleukin-12 (IL-12), CD40L and 4-1BBL. These agents have been shown to further enhance CAR T-cell efficacy and persistence in the face of a hostile tumour microenvironment via different mechanisms.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.