ArticleDifferentiation; research in biological diversity2016
Mouse hypospadias: A critical examination and definition.
Article in Differentiation; research in biological diversity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed, 23 citations in OpenAlex.
- Revisiting the dual role of androgens and oestrogens in mammalian sex differentiation with a focus on genitalia.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- Standardizing urethral stricture models in rats: a comprehensive study on histomorphologic and molecular approach.International urology and nephrology · 2024Article
- Regulation of posterior Hox genes by sex steroids explains vertebral variation in inbred mouse strains.Journal of anatomy · 2022Review
- Modeling development of genitourinary birth defects to understand disruption due to changes in gene dosage.American journal of clinical and experimental urology · 2022Review
- Etiology of Hypospadias: A Comparative Review of Genetic Factors and Developmental Processes Between Human and Animal Models.Research and reports in urology · 2020Review
- Novel Application of Micro-Computerized Tomography for Morphologic Characterization of the Murine Penis.The journal of sexual medicine · 2017Article
- Reproductive tract biology: Of mice and men.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Androgen and estrogen receptor expression in the developing human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Estrogens and development of the mouse and human external genitalia.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Anatomy of the mouse penis and internal prepuce.Differentiation; research in biological diversityReview
- Renal Subcapsular xenografing of human fetal external genital tissue - A new model for investigating urethral development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Human glans and preputial development.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Development of the human penis and clitoris.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
- Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract.Differentiation; research in biological diversityArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Hypospadias is a common malformation whose etiology is based upon perturbation of normal penile development. The mouse has been previously used as a model of hypospadias, despite an unacceptably wide range of definitions for this malformation. The current paper presents objective criteria and a definition of mouse hypospadias. Accordingly, diethylstilbestrol (DES) induced penile malformations were examined at 60 days postnatal (P60) in mice treated with DES over the age range of 12 days embryonic to 20 days postnatal (E12-P20). DES-induced hypospadias involves malformation of the urethral meatus, which is most severe in DES E12-P10, DES P0-P10 and DES P5-P15 groups, and less so or absent in the other treatment groups. A frenulum-like ventral tether between the penis and the prepuce was seen in the most severely affected DES-treated mice. Internal penile morphology was also altered in the DES E12-P10, DES P0-P10 and DES P5-P15 groups (with little effect in the other DES treatment groups). Thus, adverse effects of DES are a function of the period of DES treatment and most severe in the P0-P10 period. In "estrogen mutant mice" (NERKI, βERKO, αERKO and AROM+) hypospadias was only seen in AROM+ male mice having genetically-engineered elevation is serum estrogen. Significantly, mouse hypospadias was only seen distally at and near the urethral meatus where epithelial fusion events are known to take place and never in the penile midshaft, where urethral formation occurs via an entirely different morphogenetic process.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.