ArticleNature communications2016
Extortion can outperform generosity in the iterated prisoner's dilemma.
Article in Nature communications, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers.
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Who cites it
15 citing papers in PubMed.
- Self-Serving Dishonesty Partially Substitutes Fairness in Motivating Cooperation When People Are Treated Fairly.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Reputation in the Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma: A Simple, Analytically Solvable Agents' Model.Entropy (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Conditional cooperation with longer memory.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2024Article
- Individualistic attitudes in Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma undermine evolutionary fitness and may drive cooperative human players to extinction.Royal Society open science · 2024Article
- Revisiting the Asymmetric Matching Pennies Contradiction in China.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Outlearning extortioners: unbending strategies can foster reciprocal fairness and cooperation.PNAS nexus · 2023Article
- Evolutionary instability of selfish learning in repeated games.PNAS nexus · 2022Article
- Misperception influence on zero-determinant strategies in iterated Prisoner's Dilemma.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Human players manage to extort more than the mutual cooperation payoff in repeated social dilemmas.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Memory-two zero-determinant strategies in repeated games.Royal Society open science · 2021Article
- Strategically influencing an uncertain future.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Article
- Extortion strategies resist disciplining when higher competitiveness is rewarded with extra gain.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Social Closure and the Evolution of Cooperation via Indirect Reciprocity.Scientific reports · 2018Article
- Asymmetric Power Boosts Extortion in an Economic Experiment.PloS one · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Zero-determinant (ZD) strategies, as discovered by Press and Dyson, can enforce a linear relationship between a pair of players' scores in the iterated prisoner's dilemma. Particularly, the extortionate ZD strategies can enforce and exploit cooperation, providing a player with a score advantage, and consequently higher scores than those from either mutual cooperation or generous ZD strategies. In laboratory experiments in which human subjects were paired with computer co-players, we demonstrate that both the generous and the extortionate ZD strategies indeed enforce a unilateral control of the reward. When the experimental setting is sufficiently long and the computerized nature of the opponent is known to human subjects, the extortionate strategy outperforms the generous strategy. Human subjects' cooperation rates when playing against extortionate and generous ZD strategies are similar after learning has occurred. More than half of extortionate strategists finally obtain an average score higher than that from mutual cooperation.
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