ArticlePloS one2016
High Physiological Concentrations of Progesterone Reverse Estradiol-Mediated Changes in Differentiation and Functions of Bone Marrow Derived Dendritic Cells.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 34 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex differences in innate immune cell responses: Impact on cancer immunity and response to therapy.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- The Clinical Implications of Progesterone in Preeclampsia.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- The Immunomodulatory Role of Estrogen in Malaria: A Review of Sex Differences and Therapeutic Implications.Immunity, inflammation and disease · 2025Review
- Establishment of a graphene quantum dot (GQD) based steroid binding assay for the nuclear progesterone receptor (pgr).Biochemistry and biophysics reports · 2024Article
- Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and management of asthma in women across life.Journal of thoracic disease · 2024Review
- Local Effects of Steroid Hormones within the Bone Microenvironment.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Sex Plays a Multifaceted Role in Asthma Pathogenesis.Biomolecules · 2022Review
- Recipient sex and estradiol levels affect transplant outcomes in an age-specific fashion.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2021Article
- Revisiting steroidogenesis and its role in immune regulation with the advanced tools and technologies.Genes and immunity · 2021Review
- Identification of Profound Metabolic Alterations in Human Dendritic Cells by Progesterone Through Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis.Frontiers in immunology · 2021Article
- Steroids, Pregnancy and Fetal Development.Frontiers in immunology · 2019Review
- The relationship between sex hormones, the vaginal microbiome and immunity in HIV-1 susceptibility in women.Disease models & mechanisms · 2018Review
- Immunological Processes Driving IgE Sensitisation and Disease Development in Males and Females.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Review
- Conventional DCs from Male and Female Lupus-Prone B6.NZM Sle1/Sle2/Sle3 Mice Express an IFN Signature and Have a Higher Immunometabolism That Are Enhanced by Estrogen.Journal of immunology research · 2018Article
- Induction of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells by Endogenous Biomolecules: An Update.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
- Sex Hormones Regulate Innate Immune Cells and Promote Sex Differences in Respiratory Virus Infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Female sex steroids, estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), play a key role in regulating immune responses in women, including dendritic cell (DC) development, and functions. Although the two hormones co-occur in the body of women throughout the reproductive years, no studies have explored their complex combinatorial effects on DCs, given their ability to regulate each other's actions. We examined murine bone marrow derived dendritic cells (BMDC) differentiation and functions, in the presence of a wide range of physiological concentrations of each hormone, as well as the combination of the two hormones. E2 (10(-12) to 10(-8)M) enhanced the differentiation of CD11b+CD11c+ DCs from BM precursor cells, and promoted the expression of CD40 and MHC Class-II, in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, P4 (10(-9) to 10(-5)M) inhibited DC differentiation, but only at the highest concentrations. These effects on BMDCs were observed both in the presence or absence of LPS. When both hormones were combined, higher concentrations of P4, at levels seen in pregnancy (10(-6)M) reversed the E2 effects, regardless of the concentration of E2, especially in the absence of LPS. Functionally, antigen uptake was decreased and pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-12, IL-1 and IL-6 production by CD11b+CD11c+ DCs, was increased in the presence of E2 and these effects were reversed by high concentrations of P4. Our results demonstrate the distinct effects of E2 and P4 on differentiation and functions of bone marrow myeloid DCs. The dominating effect of higher physiological concentrations of P4 provides insight into how DC functions could be modulated during pregnancy.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.