ReviewFrontiers in neurology2016
Blepharospasm: Update on Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Pathophysiology.
Review in Frontiers in neurology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 76 citations in OpenAlex.
- BDNF rs6265 (Val66Met) Polymorphism as a Risk Factor for Blepharospasm.Neuromolecular medicine · 2019Pooled it
- Article
- Lithium-induced blepharospasm in a middle-aged woman with recurrent depressive disorder: a case report.Therapeutic advances in psychopharmacology · 2026Article
- A pilot exploratory study for analysis of clinical features and plasma catecholamines in blepharospasm.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Spontaneous neural activity alterations in medication-naïve primary blepharospasm: a resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Comparative study of brain activity and functional connectivity in blepharospasm and blepharospasm-oromandibular dystonia.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- Brain functional network topology and connectivity in primary blepharospasm.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2025Article
- Clinical implications of genetic polymorphisms in blepharospasm.Experimental and therapeutic medicine · 2024Article
- Review
- How to face the hemifacial spasm: challenges and misconceptions.Acta neurologica Belgica · 2024Review
- Visual Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease.Brain sciences · 2023Review
- Treatment of strabismus and blepharospasm with Botox (onabotulinumtoxinA): Development, insights, and impact.Medicine · 2023Article
- The pathogenesis of blepharospasm.Frontiers in neurology · 2023Review
- Article
- THE EFFECT OF BOTULINUM TOXIN TYPE A IN PATIENTS WITH ESSENTIAL BLEPHAROSPASM.Acta clinica Croatica · 2022Article
- Beyond dry eye: how co-morbidities influence disease phenotype in dry eye disease.Clinical & experimental optometry · 2022Review
- Serum Metabolomics of Benign Essential Blepharospasm Using Liquid Chromatography and Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry.Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity · 2022Article
- Cerebellum Involvement in Dystonia During Associative Motor Learning: Insights From a Data-Driven Spiking Network Model.Frontiers in systems neuroscience · 2022Article
- Thalamic structural connectivity profiles in blepharospam/Meige's syndrome.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2022Article
- Smell and taste in idiopathic blepharospasm.Journal of neural transmission (Vienna, Austria : 1996) · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Blepharospasm (BSP) is a rather distressing form of focal dystonia. Although many aspects of its pathophysiological mechanisms are already known, we lack fundamental evidence on etiology, prevention, and treatment. To advance in our knowledge, we need to review what is already known in various aspects of the disorder and use these bases to find future lines of interest. Some of the signs observed in BSP are cause, while others are consequence of the disorder. Non-motor symptoms and signs may be a cue for understanding better the disease. Various cerebral sites have been shown to be functionally abnormal in BSP, including the basal ganglia, the cortex, and the cerebellum. However, we still do not know if the dysfunction or structural change affecting these brain regions is cause or consequence of BSP. Further advances in neurophysiology and neuroimaging may eventually clarify the pathophysiological mechanisms implicated. In this manuscript, we aim to update what is known regarding epidemiology, clinical aspects, and pathophysiology of the disorder and speculate on the directions of research worth pursuing in the near future.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.