ArticleNature medicine2016
Nod2-mediated recognition of the microbiota is critical for mucosal adjuvant activity of cholera toxin.
Article in Nature medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 80 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
80 citing papers in PubMed, 117 citations in OpenAlex.
- Trial
- Endothelial cell-intrinsic NOD2 signaling regulates the intestinal immune response through the generation of effector and memory T cells.Nature immunology · 2026Article
- Effect of a gut commensal Lactobacillus strain Limosilactobacillus caviae JL20 on leptospiral whole-cell inactivated vaccine in hamsters.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- The microbiome-metabolite-vaccine axis: context-dependent modulators of immunogenicity and durability.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Gut microbiota as a regulator of vaccine efficacy: implications for personalized vaccination.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- Small molecule inhibitor targets OmpV to treat pandemic Vibrio cholerae infection.Nature communications · 2025Article
- Distinct colitis-associated macrophages drive NOD2-dependent bacterial sensing and gut homeostasis.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2025Article
- Article
- Modulation of oral vaccine efficacy by the gut microbiota.NPJ vaccines · 2025Review
- Antibiotic-induced gut microbiome perturbation alters the immune responses to the rabies vaccine.Cell host & microbe · 2025Article
- Microbiome-mediated modulation of immune memory to P. yoelii affects the resistance to secondary cerebral malaria challenge.ImmunoHorizons · 2025Article
- The role of the gut microbiota in regulating responses to vaccination: current knowledge and future directions.The FEBS journal · 2025Review
- Gut microbiota is associated with persistence of longer-term BNT162b2 vaccine immunogenicity.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
- Short-chain fatty acids play a key role in antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection in people living with HIV.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Article
- Baseline Gut Microbiota Was Associated with Long-Term Immune Response at One Year Following Three Doses of BNT162b2.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Intestinal Microbiota and Its Effect on Vaccine-Induced Immune Amplification and Tolerance.Vaccines · 2024Review
- Metabolic fitness of IgAMucosal immunology · 2024Article
- Association between Gut Microbiota Composition and Long-Term Vaccine Immunogenicity following Three Doses of CoronaVac.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Serial passage of PDCoV in cell culture reduces its pathogenicity and its damage of gut microbiota homeostasis in piglets.mSystems · 2024Article
20 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
11 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent adjuvant for inducing mucosal immune responses. However, the mechanism by which CT induces adjuvant activity remains unclear. Here we show that the microbiota is critical for inducing antigen-specific IgG production after intranasal immunization. After mucosal vaccination with CT, both antibiotic-treated and germ-free (GF) mice had reduced amounts of antigen-specific IgG, smaller recall-stimulated cytokine responses, impaired follicular helper T (TFH) cell responses and reduced numbers of plasma cells. Recognition of symbiotic bacteria via the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (Nod2) sensor in cells that express the integrin CD11c (encoded by Itgax) was required for the adjuvanticity of CT. Reconstitution of GF mice with a Nod2 agonist or monocolonization with Staphylococcus sciuri, which has high Nod2-stimulatory activity, was sufficient to promote robust CT adjuvant activity, whereas bacteria with low Nod2-stimulatory activity did not. Mechanistically, CT enhanced Nod2-mediated cytokine production in dendritic cells via intracellular cyclic AMP. These results show a role for the microbiota and the intracellular receptor Nod2 in promoting the mucosal adjuvant activity of CT.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.