ReviewPharmacology & therapeutics2016
Three-dimensional culture systems in cancer research: Focus on tumor spheroid model.
Review in Pharmacology & therapeutics, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 460 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
460 citing papers in PubMed.
- Beyond the Monolayer: Leveraging 3D Culture Systems to Decode Mechanisms of Drug Resistance and Therapeutic Vulnerabilities in Colorectal Cancer.Cancer medicine · 2026Review
- Comparison of volumetric dynamic optical coherence tomography with biological methods for evaluation of radiation effects in prostate tumor spheroids.Journal of biomedical optics · 2026Article
- Transcriptomic responses to repeated exposure of human C3A liver spheroids to polystyrene nanoplastics.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Multimodal Biophysical Analysis of Morpho-Phenotypic and Morpho-Functional Dynamics in Normal and Cancer Spheroids within Engineered Microenvironments.Chemical & biomedical imaging · 2026Article
- Dual targeting of PI3K and FGFR or CDK4/6 reveals synergistic responses in HPV-positive and HPV-negative oropharyngeal cancer spheroids.Molecular therapy. Oncology · 2026Article
- Article
- The Osteosarcoma Tumor Microenvironment: From Cellular Interactions to Advanced Preclinical Models.Cancers · 2026Review
- Radiomics analysis of 3D spheroids captures irradiation-induced structural and textural changes.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Three-dimensional spheroid models in breast cancer: tumor microenvironment complexity, cancer stem cell-driven resistance, and translational model integration.Journal of translational medicine · 2026Review
- Symmetric cancer spheroid-fibroblast organization revealed in 3D by high-throughput microscopy.Communications biology · 2026Article
- In Vitro Antitumor Properties of Simvastatin-Loaded SBA-16 Mesoporous Nanoparticles Using Two- and Three-Dimensional Colorectal Spheroid Models.Pharmaceutics · 2026Article
- Dynamic pillar-perfusion platform for screening enzyme-induced self-assembling peptide therapeutics in 3D breast cancer spheroids.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Article
- Advances in 3D culture systems for maintaining prostate tissue architecture and functional ex vivo prostate organ culture for biomedical applications.Molecular biology reports · 2026Review
- HyPIC-3D enables characterization of migratory cancer cell subpopulations in 3D hypoxic microenvironments.Cell reports methods · 2026Article
- A pump-free microfluidic device for integrated multi-functional testing of tumor spheroids.APL bioengineering · 2026Article
- Reprogramming tumor microenvironment of pancreatic cancer by CAF-targeted sonodynamic therapy combined with chemotherapy.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- The Flavonoid Rutin Enhances Temozolomide Sensitivity in Glioblastoma Spheroids by Modulating Chemoresistance via PI3K/AKT, STAT3, Redox and Kynurenine Pathways, and Altering ECM Remodeling Associated with Reduced Migration.Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- A statistically rigorous multi-scale texture analysis framework for 3D spheroid characterization: temporal autocorrelation correction and molecular validation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Super-enhancer-driven TCF4 orchestrates neuroblastoma metastasis by sphingolipid-dependent membrane remodeling and ITGB1-FAK activation.Neuro-oncology · 2026Article
- High-Throughput Generation of Tumor Spheroids via Droplet Microfluidics for siRNA-Loaded Nanomedicine Assessment.Advanced healthcare materials · 2026Article
400 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cancer cells propagated in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems exhibit physiologically relevant cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, gene expression and signaling pathway profiles, heterogeneity and structural complexity that reflect in vivo tumors. In recent years, development of various 3D models has improved the study of host-tumor interaction and use of high-throughput screening platforms for anti-cancer drug discovery and development. This review attempts to summarize the various 3D culture systems, with an emphasis on the most well characterized and widely applied model - multicellular tumor spheroids. This review also highlights the various techniques to generate tumor spheroids, methods to characterize them, and its applicability in cancer research.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.