ArticleBMC ophthalmology2016
Acute acquired comitant esotropia related to excessive Smartphone use.
Article in BMC ophthalmology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 95 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
95 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 199 citations in OpenAlex.
- Effects of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on children's visual health: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2022Pooled it
- Media use during adolescence: the recommendations of the Italian Pediatric Society.Italian journal of pediatrics · 2019Pooled it
- Augmented medial rectus recession versus botulinum toxin therapy for acute acquired comitant esotropia: analysis of outcomes and recurrence predictors.The British journal of ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Effect of warming eyelids on tear film stability and quality of life in visual display terminal users: a randomized controlled trial.Scientific reports · 2020Trial
- Combined Accommodation and Fusional Training Paradigm Versus Prism Correction for Small-Angle Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia: A Cohort Study.Ophthalmology and therapy · 2026Article
- Acute acquired comitant esotropia in the smartphone era: a narrative review.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Review
- Changes in Distance Ocular Deviation After Smartphone Viewing in Young Adults Without Manifest Strabismus.Journal of eye movement research · 2026Article
- Analysis of Convergence and Divergence Using an Eye Tracker in Acquired Comitant Esotropia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Nationwide Multicenter Survey of Severe Complications of Strabismus Surgery in Japan: Japanese Strabismus Surgery Study.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Clinical efficacy, safety, and success factors of botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of acute acquired comitant esotropia.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Functional and Metabolic Abnormalities in Primary Visual Cortex and Frontal Eye Fields and Candidate Biomarkers of Acute Acquired Comitant Esotropia.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Uptrend in esotropia incidence in the era of excessive smartphone use: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Japan, 2014-2019.PLOS digital health · 2026Article
- Development of a Novel Deep Learning-Based Gaze Estimation Method for Detecting Strabismus.Cureus · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and quality of life in adults with acute comitant acquired esotropia.BMC ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Adult-Acquired Esotropia: Clinical Characteristics, Risk Factors and Outcomes of a Novel Surgical Approach.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Compensatory versus non-compensatory types in myopic acute acquired comitant esotropia: a new classification based on fusion ability at the far point.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- The COVID-19 pandemic and the abrupt changes in the reported cases of acute acquired comitant esotropia.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
- Botulinum toxin for acute acquired comitant esotropia: clinical outcomes and predictors.BMC ophthalmology · 2025Article
35 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundTo describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of acute acquired comitant esotropia (AACE) related to excessive smartphone use in adolescents.
methodsThe medical records of 12 patients with AACE and a history of excessive smartphone use were retrospectively reviewed, and the duration of smartphone use, angle of deviation, refractive error, stereopsis, and treatment options were analyzed.
resultsAll patients showed convergent and comitant esotropia ranging from 15 to 45 prism diopters (PD; average: 27.75 ± 11.47 PD) at far fixation. The angle of deviation was nearly equivalent for far and near fixation. Every patient used a smartphone for more than 4 h a day over a period of several months (minimum 4 months). Myopic refractive errors were detected in eight patients (average:-3.84 ± 1.68 diopters (D]), and the remaining four patients showed mild hyperopic refractive error (average: +0.84 ± 0.53 D). Reductions in esodeviation were noted in all patients after refraining from smartphone use, and bilateral medial rectus recession was performed in three patients with considerable remnant esodeviation. Postoperative exams showed orthophoria with good stereoacuity in these patients.
conclusionExcessive smartphone use might influence AACE development in adolescents. Refraining from smartphone use can decrease the degree of esodeviation in these patients, and remnant deviation can be successfully managed with surgical correction.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.