ArticleClinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America2016
Durability of Vaccine-Induced Immunity Against Tetanus and Diphtheria Toxins: A Cross-sectional Analysis.
Article in Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 60 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Two decades of global research on tetanus vaccines and tetanus immunoglobulins: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and integrative review (2000-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- Waning rate of immunity and duration of protective immunity against diphtheria toxoid as a function of age and number of doses: Systematic review and quantitative data analysis.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2022Pooled it
- Immunogenicity and safety of a second booster dose of an acellular pertussis vaccine combined with reduced antigen content diphtheria-tetanus toxoids 10 years after a first booster in adolescence: An open, phase III, non-randomized, multi-center study.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2018Trial
- Waning immunity and the future of booster vaccination strategies in global vaccine programs post COVID-19.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
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- Article
- Tetanus infection in an 11-year-old male with full infant vaccination history: a rare case report.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Lessons learned from successful implementation of tetanus and diphtheria vaccination programs.Clinical microbiology reviews · 2025Review
- Article
- Utilization of tetanus and diphtheria serology tests in Alberta, Canada: Patterns and implications.PloS one · 2025Article
- Article
- Overuse of tetanus toxoid vaccine: a common but under-addressed issue in Nepal.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2024Article
- A literature review and evidence-based evaluation of the Dutch national immunisation schedule yield possibilities for improvements.Vaccine: X · 2024Review
- Article
- A genetically engineered neuronal membrane-based nanotoxoid elicits protective immunity against neurotoxins.Bioactive materials · 2024Article
- An unexpected case of tetanus in a fully immunized 20-year-old female: a case report.International journal of emergency medicine · 2024Article
- Serologic Immunity to Tetanus in the United States, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015-2016.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2024Article
- Tetanus-diphtheria vaccine can prime SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive T cells.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Management and outcome of adult generalized tetanus in a Chinese tertiary hospital.Frontiers in public health · 2024Observational
- Intranasal immunization with an RBD-hemagglutinin fusion protein harnesses preexisting immunity to enhance antigen-specific responses.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundMany adult immunization schedules recommend that tetanus and diphtheria vaccination be performed every 10 years. In light of current epidemiological trends of disease incidence and rates of vaccine-associated adverse events, the 10-year revaccination schedule has come into question.
methodsWe performed cross-sectional analysis of serum antibody titers in 546 adult subjects stratified by age or sex. All serological results were converted to international units after calibration with international serum standards.
resultsApproximately 97% of the population was seropositive to tetanus and diphtheria as defined by a protective serum antibody titer of ≥0.01 IU/mL. Mean antibody titers were 3.6 and 0.35 IU/mL against tetanus and diphtheria, respectively. Antibody responses to tetanus declined with an estimated half-life of 14 years (95% confidence interval, 11-17 years), whereas antibody responses to diphtheria were more long-lived and declined with an estimated half-life of 27 years (18-51 years). Mathematical models combining antibody magnitude and duration predict that 95% of the population will remain protected against tetanus and diphtheria for ≥30 years without requiring further booster vaccination.
conclusionsThese studies demonstrate that durable levels of protective antitoxin immunity exist in the majority of vaccinated individuals. Together, this suggests that it may no longer be necessary to administer booster vaccinations every 10 years and that the current adult vaccination schedule for tetanus and diphtheria should be revisited.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.