ArticleMachine learning2016
Learning Classification Models of Cognitive Conditions from Subtle Behaviors in the Digital Clock Drawing Test.
Article in Machine learning, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT03238001 (Evaluation of DCTclock™ as a Cognitive Assessment Aid), which is not on this map. Cited by 75 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Evaluation of DCTclock™ as a Cognitive Assessment Aid
Who cites it
75 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Digital Clock Drawing as an Alzheimer's Disease Susceptibility Biomarker: Associations with Genetic Risk Score and APOE in Older Adults.The journal of prevention of Alzheimer's disease · 2024Pooled it
- Evaluation of Digital Drawing Tests and Paper-and-Pencil Drawing Tests for the Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Studies.Neuropsychology review · 2022Pooled it
- Streamlining Eligibility Assessment for Alzheimer's Disease-Modifying Therapies: Prediction of MMSE Scores Using the Digital Clock and Recall.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2026Article
- Higher Amyloid and Tau Burden Is Associated With Faster Decline on a Digital Cognitive Test.Annals of clinical and translational neurology · 2026Article
- Exploring Handwriting-Based Biomarkers for Alzheimer's Disease: Identifying Discriminative Features and Tasks to Enhance Diagnostic Accuracy.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Accessibility features in executive function apps and user performance post-stroke.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- A novel vision transformer model produces clock drawing test scores as accurate as expert human coders.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Streamlining eligibility assessment for Alzheimer's disease-modifying therapies: Prediction of MMSE scores using the digital clock and recall.Frontiers in digital health · 2026Article
- The clock drawing test as a screening tool for detecting cognitive decline: an analysis in adults and elderly people from Natal (RN).Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Article
- Digital Therapeutics for Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Current Trends and Future Perspectives.Medicinal research reviews · 2026Review
- Digital clock assessment in South Asian setting: pilot study.NPJ dementia · 2026Article
- Concurrent detection of cognitive impairment and amyloid positivity with a multimodal machine learning-enabled digital cognitive assessment.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2025Article
- Digital Clock Assessment in South Asian Setting: Pilot study.Research square · 2025Article
- Association of the digital clock drawing test with amyloid and tau PET biomarkers in low age risk adults.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Article
- Association Between Preoperative Anemia and Cognitive Function in a Large Cohort Study of Older Patients Undergoing Elective Surgery.Anesthesia and analgesia · 2025Article
- Digital speech hearing screening using a quick novel mobile hearing impairment assessment: an observational correlation study.Scientific reports · 2024Observational
- Cerebral Microbleeds in Different Brain Regions and Their Associations With the Digital Clock-Drawing Test: Secondary Analysis of the Framingham Heart Study.Journal of medical Internet research · 2024Article
- Non-equivalence of sub-tasks of the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Test with convolutional neural networks to discriminate mild cognitive impairment.BMC psychiatry · 2024Article
- Digital Clock and Recall is superior to the Mini-Mental State Examination for the detection of mild cognitive impairment and mild dementia.Alzheimer's research & therapy · 2024Review
15 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
The Clock Drawing Test - a simple pencil and paper test - has been used for more than 50 years as a screening tool to differentiate normal individuals from those with cognitive impairment, and has proven useful in helping to diagnose cognitive dysfunction associated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and other dementias and conditions. We have been administering the test using a digitizing ballpoint pen that reports its position with considerable spatial and temporal precision, making available far more detailed data about the subject's performance. Using pen stroke data from these drawings categorized by our software, we designed and computed a large collection of features, then explored the tradeoffs in performance and interpretability in classifiers built using a number of different subsets of these features and a variety of different machine learning techniques. We used traditional machine learning methods to build prediction models that achieve high accuracy. We operationalized widely used manual scoring systems so that we could use them as benchmarks for our models. We worked with clinicians to define guidelines for model interpretability, and constructed sparse linear models and rule lists designed to be as easy to use as scoring systems currently used by clinicians, but more accurate. While our models will require additional testing for validation, they offer the possibility of substantial improvement in detecting cognitive impairment earlier than currently possible, a development with considerable potential impact in practice.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.