ArticleJournal of ophthalmic & vision research
Prevalence of Amblyopia and Refractive Errors Among Primary School Children.
Article in Journal of ophthalmic & vision research. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 35 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The prevalence of refractive errors in the Middle East: a systematic review and meta-analysis.International ophthalmology · 2020Pooled it
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: A systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.Survey of ophthalmologyPooled it
- Clinical profile and associated sociodemographic factors of newly diagnosed strabismus presenting to a tertiary care center in India.Indian journal of ophthalmology · 2026Observational
- The Changing Natural History of Anisometropia: A Scoping Review.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- The global prevalence of horizontal strabismus: a systematic review and meta-analysis with a focus on ethnic variation.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2025Article
- Low Visual Acuity Among Children in Public Schools in the Northeast of Brazil: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2025Article
- Absolute Risks and Decision Tools for Communicating the Risks of Visual Impairment From Myopia-Related Diseases.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2025Review
- Vision impairment in boys recruited to the iREAD study.Israel journal of health policy research · 2025Article
- Trends in the prevalence and burden of blindness and vision loss among adolescents aged 10-24 years in the Western Pacific Region over 30 years.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Knowledge and Awareness Regarding Amblyopia Among Parents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study.Cureus · 2024Article
- Development and validation of a questionnaire for assessing parents' health literacy regarding vision screening for children: a Delphi study.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Analysis of suspected visual impairment risks based on objective refraction in 3-year-old children.Japanese journal of ophthalmology · 2021Article
- Refractive Error and Visual Impairment Among School Children: Result of a South-Eastern Nigerian Regional Survey.Clinical ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.) · 2021Article
- Prevalence and Associated Factors of Amblyopia Among School Age Children at Bahir Dar City, Northwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.Clinical optometry · 2021Article
- Amblyopia risk factors among pediatric patients in a hospital-based setting using photoscreening.PloS one · 2021Article
- Refractive amblyopia among children aged 4-12 years in a hospital-based setting in Gaza Strip, Palestine.Medical hypothesis, discovery & innovation ophthalmology journal · 2021Article
- Strabismus prevalence and associated factors among pediatric patients in southern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2020Article
- Motor and Sensory Outcomes of Infantile Exotropia: A 10-Year Study (2008-2017).Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO · 2020Article
- Comparison of the pediatric vision screening program in 18 countries across five continents.Journal of current ophthalmology · 2019Review
- Comparison between patching and interactive binocular treatment in amblyopia: A randomized clinical trial.Journal of current ophthalmology · 2019Article
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10 authors.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeTo determine the prevalence of amblyopia and refractive errors among 7 to 12-year-old primary school children in Tehran, Iran.
methodsThis population-based cross-sectional study included 2,410 randomly selected students. Visual acuity was tested using an E-chart on Yang vision tester. Refractive errors were measured by photorefractometry and cycloautorefraction. Strabismus was checked using cover test. Direct ophthalmoscopy was used to assess the anterior segment, lens opacities, red reflex and fundus. Functional amblyopia was defined as best corrected visual acuity ≤20/40 in one or both eyes with no anatomical problems.
resultsAmblyopia was present in 2.3% (95% CI: 1.8% to 2.9%) of participants with no difference between the genders. Amblyopic subjects were significantly younger than non-amblyopic children (P=0.004). Overall, 15.9% of hyperopic and 5.9% of myopic cases had amblyopia. The prevalence of hyperopia ≥+2.00D, myopia ≤-0.50D, astigmatism ≥0.75D, and anisometropia (≥1.00D) was 3.5%, 4.9%, 22.6%, and 3.9%, respectively. With increasing age, the prevalence of myopia increased (P<0.001), that of hyperopia decreased (P=0.007), but astigmatism showed no change. Strabismus was found in 2.3% of cases. Strabismus (OR=17.9) and refractive errors, especially anisometropia (OR=12.87) and hyperopia (OR=11.87), were important amblyogenic risk factors.
conclusionThe high prevalence of amblyopia in our subjects in comparison to developed countries reveals the necessity of timely and sensitive screening methods. Due to the high prevalence of amblyopia among children with refractive errors, particularly high hyperopia and anisometropia, provision of glasses should be specifically attended by parents and supported by the Ministry of Health and insurance organizations.
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