Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27045261›Full record

SynthesisThe journal of sexual medicine2016

Prevalence of Transgender Depends on the "Case" Definition: A Systematic Review.

Lindsay Collin, Sari L Reisner, Vin Tangpricha, Michael Goodman

Registry-linked trialAbstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in The journal of sexual medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT05649605 (Early Mental Response to Hormonal Treatment in Transgender Men - The EMRE Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 106 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
106citing papers in PubMed, 5 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05649605 narecruitingnot on this mapstarted 2023, after this paper: background citation

Early Mental Response to Hormonal Treatment in Transgender Men - The EMRE Study

TypeinterventionalSponsorKarolinska University HospitalRan2023 to 2026Enrolled70ConditionsGender Dysphoria, Gender Identity, Gender IssuesArmsTestosterone treatment, Placebo treatment
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

106 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  15. Female Autoandrophilia.Archives of sexual behavior · 2025
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46 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Lindsay CollinRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Sari L ReisnerThe Fenway Institute, Fenway Health, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
Vin TangprichaSchool of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
Michael GoodmanRollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA. Electronic address: mgoodm2@emory.edu.

Funding

Cohort study of mortality and morbidity in transgender personsR21HD076387 · NICHD · EMORY UNIVERSITY · PI GOODMAN, MICHAEL · 2013 to 2014
$451k
NICHD NIH HHS R21 HD076387NICHD NIH HHS R21HD076387
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionA systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate how various definitions of transgender affect prevalence estimates.

aimsTo evaluate the epidemiology of transgender and examine how various definitions of transgender affect prevalence estimates and to compare findings across studies that used different methodologies, in different countries, and over different periods.

methodsPubMed, EMBASE, and Medline were searched to identify studies reporting prevalence estimates of transgender in a population. All studies were grouped based on the case definition applied to the numerator. Summary estimates were derived using a random-effects model for total prevalence of transgender and for male-to-female and female-to-male subgroups. Overall and stratum-specific meta-prevalence estimates (mPs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were accompanied by tests for heterogeneity and meta-regressions to assess sources of heterogeneity.

main outcome measuresThe main outcome measure was population prevalence of transgender. Secondary outcomes included gender-specific prevalence estimates for male-to-female and female to male subgroups.

resultsThirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria for systematic review. Of those, 27 studies provided necessary data for a meta-analysis. Overall mP estimates per 100,000 population were 9.2 (95% CI = 4.9-13.6) for surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy and 6.8 (95% CI = 4.6-9.1) for transgender-related diagnoses. Of studies assessing self-reported transgender identity, the mP was 871 (95% CI = 519-1,224); however, this result was influenced by a single outlier study. After removal of that study, the mP changed to 355 (95% CI = 144-566). Significant heterogeneity was observed in most analyses.

conclusionThe empirical literature on the prevalence of transgender highlights the importance of adhering to specific case definitions because the results can range by orders of magnitude. Standardized and routine collection of data on transgender status and gender identity is recommended.

Indexed as

Transgender PersonsAdultConcept FormationFemaleHumansMaleOutcome Assessment, Health CarePrevalenceTerminology as TopicTranssexualismCase DefinitionMeta-AnalysisPrevalenceTransgender

Identifiers

PMID27045261
PMCPMC4823815

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Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.