ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Passive Smoke Exposure as a Risk Factor for Oral Clefts-A Large International Population-Based Study.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Maternal alcohol binge-drinking in the first trimester and the risk of orofacial clefts in offspring: a large population-based pooling study.European journal of epidemiology · 2016Pooled it
- Craniofacial development: genetics, signaling pathways, teratogenic mechanisms, and clinal significance.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Determinants of cleft lip and cleft palate in Ethiopian children: Insights from a hospital-based study using Bayesian modeling.The Journal of international medical research · 2026Article
- Secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy: Nicotine metabolites in maternal urine and breast milk as biomarkers of infant birth weight and length, a cross-sectional study.Tobacco induced diseases · 2026Article
- Article
- Genome-wide study of gene-by-sex interactions identifies risks for cleft palate.Human genetics · 2024Article
- Article
- An intercontinental comparison of the influence of smoking on the occurrence of nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate: a meta-analysis and systematic review.Archives of craniofacial surgery · 2024Article
- Review
- Article
- Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and non-syndromic orofacial cleft: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Tobacco induced diseases · 2023Review
- Modifiable Risk Factors of Non-Syndromic Orofacial Clefts: A Systematic Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- Academic outcomes of children with orofacial clefts: A review of the literature and recommendations for future research.Oral diseases · 2022Review
- Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Facial Features at 5 Years of Age: A Study from the Danish National Birth Cohort.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Detecting Gene-Environment Interaction for Maternal Exposures Using Case-Parent Trios Ascertained Through a Case With Non-Syndromic Orofacial Cleft.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Article
- The role of smoke from cooking indoors over an open flame and parental smoking on the risk of cleft lip and palate: A case- control study in 7 low-resource countries.Journal of global health · 2020Article
- Identification of novel susceptibility loci for non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2020Article
- Environmental mechanisms of orofacial clefts.Birth defects research · 2020Review
- Prevalence of Congenital Anomalies in the Japan Environment and Children's Study.Journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Maternal arsenic exposure and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts.Birth defects research · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Maternal cigarette smoking is a well-established risk factor for oral clefts. Evidence is less clear for passive (secondhand) smoke exposure. We combined individual-level data from 4 population-based studies (the Norway Facial Clefts Study, 1996-2001; the Utah Child and Family Health Study, 1995-2004; the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study, 1999-2009; and the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (United States), 1999-2007) to obtain 4,508 cleft cases and 9,626 controls. We categorized first-trimester passive and active smoke exposure. Multivariable logistic models adjusted for possible confounders (maternal alcohol consumption, use of folic acid supplements, age, body size, education, and employment, plus study fixed effects). Children whose mothers actively smoked had an increased risk of oral clefts (odds ratio (OR) = 1.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11, 1.46). Children of passively exposed nonsmoking mothers also had an increased risk (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.27). Cleft risk was further elevated among babies of smoking mothers who were exposed to passive smoke (OR = 1.51, 95% CI: 1.35, 1.70). Using a large pooled data set, we found a modest association between first-trimester passive smoking and oral clefts that was consistent across populations, diverse study designs, and cleft subtypes. While this association may reflect subtle confounding or bias, we cannot rule out the possibility that passive smoke exposure during pregnancy is teratogenic.
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