SynthesisToxins2016
Heated Debates: Hot-Water Immersion or Ice Packs as First Aid for Cnidarian Envenomations?
Synthesis in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Interventions for the symptoms and signs resulting from jellyfish stings.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Emergency Department Presentations for Jellyfish Stings in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Pain Severity and Treatment Timing.Journal of pain research · 2026Article
- Localised tissue necrosis from marine puncture injury: first aid, definitive management and review of the literature.Diving and hyperbaric medicine · 2025Review
- Jellyfish Venom-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Immune Responses: Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Strategies.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Evidence-Based Management of Box Jellyfish Stings.Military medicine · 2025Article
- Advances in Jellyfish Sting Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies.Marine drugs · 2025Review
- Revealing the Bioactivities ofToxins · 2024Article
- Jellyfish Stings: A Review of Skin Symptoms, Pathophysiology, and Management.Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research · 2024Review
- Review
- A systematic review of reports on aquatic envenomation: are there global hot spots and vulnerable populations?The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2024Review
- Case Report: Unusual Bullous Reaction to Physalia physalis Venom after Recurrent Envenomation.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2023Article
- Article
- Molecular dissection of box jellyfish venom cytotoxicity highlights an effective venom antidote.Nature communications · 2019Article
- Insights in Public Health: Trapped in a Sea of Uncertainty: Limitations in Unintentional Injury Research in the Philippines and Interdisciplinary Solutions to Reduce Fatal Box Jellyfish Stings.Hawai'i journal of medicine & public health : a journal of Asia Pacific Medicine & Public Health · 2019Article
- Review
- Are Fireworms Venomous? Evidence for the Convergent Evolution of Toxin Homologs in Three Species of Fireworms (Annelida, Amphinomidae).Genome biology and evolution · 2018Article
- Evaluation of Cyanea capillata Sting Management Protocols Using Ex Vivo and In Vitro Envenomation Models.Toxins · 2017Article
- Article
- Article
- Crude venom from nematocysts of Pelagia noctiluca (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) elicits a sodium conductance in the plasma membrane of mammalian cells.Scientific reports · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Cnidarian envenomations are an important public health problem, responsible for more deaths than shark attacks annually. For this reason, optimization of first-aid care is essential. According to the published literature, cnidarian venoms and toxins are heat labile at temperatures safe for human application, which supports the use of hot-water immersion of the sting area(s). However, ice packs are often recommended and used by emergency personnel. After conducting a systematic review of the evidence for the use of heat or ice in the treatment of cnidarian envenomations, we conclude that the majority of studies to date support the use of hot-water immersion for pain relief and improved health outcomes.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.