ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Urinary Cadmium and Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer in the Women's Health Initiative.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 40 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Climate Change and Breast Cancer and Its Management and Preventative Implications in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Cadmium exposure and risk of breast cancer: A meta-analysis.Environmental research · 2023Pooled it
- Blood levels of cadmium and lead in relation to breast cancer risk in three prospective cohorts.International journal of cancer · 2019Pooled it
- Cancer and Environmental Xenobiotics: Mechanisms, Controversies, and Innovations.Journal of xenobiotics · 2025Review
- DNA damage response inhibition is an early event in cadmium-induced breast carcinogenesis.Toxicology and applied pharmacology · 2025Article
- Modification Effects of Homologous Recombination Repair Gene Polymorphisms on the Associations Between Urinary Metals and Breast Cancer Risk.Biological trace element research · 2025Article
- Heavy Metals and Associated Risks of Wild Edible Mushrooms Consumption: Transfer Factor, Carcinogenic Risk, and Health Risk Index.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Heavy-metal associated breast cancer and colorectal cancer hot spots and their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2024Article
- The dynamic face of cadmium-induced Carcinogenesis: Mechanisms, emerging trends, and future directions.Current research in toxicology · 2024Review
- Assessment of salivary cadmium levels and breast density in the Marin Women's Study.Cancer medicine · 2024Article
- Metals and Breast Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study Using Toenail Biomarkers.American journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Meta-analysis of gene expression profiling reveals novel basal gene signatures in MCF-10A cells transformed with cadmium.Oncotarget · 2020Article
- Effects of lead and cadmium on the immune system and cancer progression.Journal of environmental health science & engineering · 2020Review
- Elemental bioimaging shows mercury and other toxic metals in normal breast tissue and in breast cancers.PloS one · 2020Article
- Blood levels of endocrine-disrupting metals and prevalent breast cancer among US women.Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England) · 2019Article
- Toenail-Based Metal Concentrations and Young-Onset Breast Cancer.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Environmental exposures during windows of susceptibility for breast cancer: a framework for prevention research.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Review
- Cadmium Exposure and Risk of Breast Cancer by Histological and Tumor Receptor Subtype in White Caucasian Women: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2019Article
- Toenail-Based Metal Concentrations and Young-Onset Breast Cancer.American journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Airborne metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to mammographic breast density.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cadmium is a widespread heavy metal pollutant that may act as an exogenous estrogenic hormone. Environmental cadmium exposure has been associated with risk of breast cancer in retrospective studies. We prospectively assessed the relationship between cadmium exposure, evaluated by creatinine-normalized urinary cadmium concentration, and invasive breast cancer among 12,701 postmenopausal women aged ≥50 years in a Women's Health Initiative study of bone mineral density. After a median of 13.2 years of follow-up (1993-2010), 508 cases of invasive breast cancer and 1,050 comparison women were identified for a case-cohort analysis. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Risk of breast cancer was not associated with urinary cadmium parameterized either in quartiles (comparing highest quartile with lowest, hazard ratio = 0.80, 95% confidence interval: 0.56, 1.14; P for trend = 0.20) or as a log-transformed continuous variable (per 2-fold higher urinary cadmium concentration, hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval: 0.86, 1.03). We did not observe an association between urinary cadmium and breast cancer risk in any subgroup examined, including never smokers and women with body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) less than 25. Results were consistent in both estrogen receptor-positive and estrogen receptor-negative tumors. Our results do not support the hypothesis that environmental cadmium exposure is associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.