Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27033963›Full record

ArticleBMJ open2016

Development and validation of a 21-item challenges to stopping smoking (CSS-21) scale.

Dennis Thomas, Andrew J Mackinnon, Billie Bonevski, Michael J Abramson, Simone Taylor, Susan G Poole, Gregory R Weeks, Michael J Dooley, Johnson George

Abstract readMulticenter StudyValidation Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
10citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Smokers' and Non-Smokers' Attitudes towards Smoking Cessation in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020
    Pooled it
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  9. The Impact of COVID-19 on Smoking Behaviours and Support for Smoke-Free Zones in Saudi Arabia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Dennis ThomasCentre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Andrew J MackinnonCentre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Billie BonevskiSchool of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
Michael J AbramsonDepartment of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Simone TaylorPharmacy Department, Austin Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Susan G PooleCentre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Pharmacy Department, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Gregory R WeeksCentre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Pharmacy Department, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
Michael J DooleyCentre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Pharmacy Department, The Alfred, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Johnson GeorgeCentre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveIdentification of challenges associated with quitting and overcoming them may improve cessation outcomes. This study describes the development and initial validation of a scale for measuring challenges to stopping smoking.

methodsThe item pool was generated from empirical and theoretical literature and existing scales, expert opinion and interviews with smokers and ex-smokers. The questionnaire was administered to smokers and recent quitters who participated in a hospital-based smoking cessation trial. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to identify subscales in the questionnaire. Internal consistency, validity and robustness of the subscales were evaluated.

resultsOf a total of 182 participants with a mean age of 55 years (SD 12.8), 128 (70.3%) were current smokers and 54 (29.7%) ex-smokers. Factor analysis of the 21-item questionnaire resulted in a 2-factor solution representing items measuring intrinsic (9 items) and extrinsic (12 items) challenges. This structure was stable in various analyses and the 2 factors accounted for 50.7% of the total variance of the polychoric correlations between the items. Internal consistency (Cronbach's α) coefficients for the intrinsic and extrinsic subscales were 0.86 and 0.82, respectively. Compared with ex-smokers, current smokers had a higher mean score (± SD) for intrinsic (24.0 ± 6.4 vs 20.5 ± 7.4, p=0.002) and extrinsic subscales (22.3 ± 7.5 vs 18.6 ± 6.0, p=0.001).

conclusionsInitial evaluation suggests that the 21-item challenges to stopping smoking scale is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in research and clinical settings to assess challenges to stopping smoking.

Indexed as

Surveys and QuestionnairesAdultAgedAustraliaFactor Analysis, StatisticalFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPsychometricsRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicReproducibility of ResultsSmokingSmoking CessationSocioeconomic FactorschallengesreliabilitySmokingtoolvalidity

Identifiers

PMID27033963
PMCPMC4823391

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.