ArticlePloS one2016
Prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp., Enterocytozoon bieneusi, Encephalitozoon spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Wild, Semi-Wild and Captive Orangutans (Pongo abelii and Pongo pygmaeus) on Sumatra and Borneo, Indonesia.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 27 papers.
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Who cites it
27 citing papers in PubMed, 46 citations in OpenAlex.
- In Vitro Antigiardial Activity of Selected Plants From the Indonesian Rain Forest Identified Based on Behavioral Observations of Sumatran Orangutans.Journal of tropical medicine · 2026Article
- Effect of selected Indonesian plants on Giardia intestinalis in an experimental in vitro model.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2025Article
- Occurrence and Molecular Characteristics of Microsporidia in Captive Red Pandas (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Human-Borne Pathogens: Are They Threatening Wild Great Ape Populations?Veterinary sciences · 2022Review
- Prevalence and genetic diversity ofInternational journal for parasitology. Parasites and wildlife · 2022Article
- Chronic Infections in Mammals Due to Microsporidia.Experientia supplementum (2012) · 2022Article
- Genetic diversity of Cryptosporidium spp. in non-human primates in rural and urban areas of Ethiopia.PloS one · 2022Article
- Investigation of giardiasis in captive animals in zoological gardens with strain typing of assemblages in China.Parasitology · 2021Article
- Sparse Evidence forPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Occurrence and potentially zoonotic genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in wild rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) living in Nanwan Monkey Island, Hainan, China: a public health concern.BMC veterinary research · 2021Article
- Ecological and public health significance ofOne health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2021Review
- Frequency of enteroparasites in Cebidae and Callitrichidae primates at the Zoológico de Cali, Colombia: zoonotic implicationsBiomedica : revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud · 2021Article
- Genetic characterization of nodular worm infections in Asian Apes.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Occurrence of Ten Protozoan Enteric Pathogens in Three Non-Human Primate Populations.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Intestinal Protists in Captive Non-human Primates and Their Handlers in Six European Zoological Gardens. Molecular Evidence of Zoonotic Transmission.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Disease Risk and Conservation Implications of Orangutan Translocations.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Wildlife Is a Potential Source of Human Infections ofFrontiers in microbiology · 2021Article
- Multilocus sequence typing of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in Hainan, China.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Detections of gastrointestinal parasites, includingJournal of parasitic diseases : official organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology · 2020Article
- Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotypes in cats and dogs in Victoria, Australia.BMC microbiology · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
10 authors at 7 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundOrangutans are critically endangered primarily due to loss and fragmentation of their natural habitat. This could bring them into closer contact with humans and increase the risk of zoonotic pathogen transmission.
aimsTo describe the prevalence and diversity of Cryptosporidium spp., microsporidia and Giardia intestinalis in orangutans at seven sites on Sumatra and Kalimantan, and to evaluate the impact of orangutans' habituation and location on the occurrence of these zoonotic protists.
resultThe overall prevalence of parasites in 298 examined animals was 11.1%. The most prevalent microsporidia was Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype II, found in 21 animals (7.0%). Enterocytozoon bieneusi genotype D (n = 5) and novel genotype Pongo 2 were detected only in six individuals (2.0%). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of these parasites in orangutans. Eight animals were positive for Cryptosporidium spp. (2.7%), including C. parvum (n = 2) and C. muris (n = 6). Giardia intestinalis assemblage B, subtype MB6, was identified in a single individual. While no significant differences between the different human contact level groups (p = 0.479-0.670) or between the different islands (p = 0.992) were reported in case of E. bieneusi or E. cuniculi, Cryptosporidium spp. was significantly less frequently detected in wild individuals (p < 2×10-16) and was significantly more prevalent in orangutans on Kalimantan than on Sumatra (p < 2×10-16).
conclusionOur results revealed that wild orangutans are significantly less frequently infected by Cryptosporidium spp. than captive and semi-wild animals. In addition, this parasite was more frequently detected at localities on Kalimantan. In contrast, we did not detect any significant difference in the prevalence of microsporidia between the studied groups of animals. The sources and transmission modes of infections were not determined, as this would require repeated sampling of individuals, examination of water sources, and sampling of humans and animals sharing the habitat with orangutans.
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