ArticleBMJ (Clinical research ed.)2016
Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study.
Article in BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 90 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
90 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 229 citations in OpenAlex.
- American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Clinical Practice Guideline: Developing a Diabetes Mellitus Comprehensive Care Plan-2022 Update.Endocrine practice : official journal of the American College of Endocrinology and the American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists · 2022Guideline
- The Effect of Metformin on Bladder Cancer Incidence and Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Bladder cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2022Pooled it
- Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Cancer medicine · 2018Pooled it
- Pioglitazone and the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2017Pooled it
- SGLT2 inhibitors and risk of cancer in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials.Diabetologia · 2017 · on this mapPooled it
- Comparison of the effect between pioglitazone and metformin in treating patients with PCOS:a meta-analysis.Archives of gynecology and obstetrics · 2017Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Rosiglitazone Adjunct to Sertraline for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.Depression and anxiety · 2026Trial
- A Randomized Phase II Trial of Pioglitazone for Lung Cancer Chemoprevention in High-Risk Current and Former Smokers.Cancer prevention research (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2019Trial
- Within-class differences in cancer risk for sulfonylurea treatments in patients with type 2 diabetes (ZODIAC-55) - a study protocol.BMC cancer · 2017Trial
- Pioglitazone Prevents Diabetes in Patients With Insulin Resistance and Cerebrovascular Disease.Diabetes care · 2016Trial
- The Bidirectional Relationship Between Diabetes and Cancer: Mechanistic Insights, Epigenetic Intermediaries, and Therapeutic Approaches.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2026Review
- Brain insulin resistance as a driver of proteinopathy in neurodegeneration: from cell-type-specific mechanisms to targeted therapeutics.Translational neurodegeneration · 2026Review
- Pioglitazone Attenuates Sepsis-Associated Acute Kidney Injury by Modulating TLR-4/NF-κB Signaling and Improving Survival and Renal Function.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- GC-MS metabolomic profiling and PPARγ-targetedFrontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Beyond diabetes: harnessing the power of metformin in burn care.Critical care (London, England) · 2025Review
- Safety Warnings on the Same Harmful Effects of Medicines: A Comparison of Four National Regulators.Pharmaceutical medicine · 2025Article
- Investigating Risk of Cancer with Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: A Disproportionality Analysis in the WHO Global Pharmacovigilance Database VigibaseDrug safety · 2025Article
- Design and synthesis of a novel quinoline thiazolidinedione hybrid as a potential antidiabetic PPARγ modulator.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- The anti-diabetic PPARγ agonist Pioglitazone inhibits cell proliferation and induces metabolic reprogramming in prostate cancer.Molecular cancer · 2025Article
30 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine whether pioglitazone compared with other antidiabetic drugs is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer in people with type 2 diabetes.
designPopulation based cohort study.
settingGeneral practices contributing data to the United Kingdom Clinical Practice Research Datalink.
participantsA cohort of 145,806 patients newly treated with antidiabetic drugs between 1 January 2000 and 31 July 2013, with follow-up until 31 July 2014.
main outcome measuresThe use of pioglitazone was treated as a time varying variable, with use lagged by one year for latency purposes. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate adjusted hazard ratios with 95% confidence intervals of incident bladder cancer associated with pioglitazone overall and by both cumulative duration of use and cumulative dose. Similar analyses were conducted for rosiglitazone, a thiazolidinedione not previously associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.
resultsThe cohort generated 689,616 person years of follow-up, during which 622 patients were newly diagnosed as having bladder cancer (crude incidence 90.2 per 100,000 person years). Compared with other antidiabetic drugs, pioglitazone was associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (121.0 v 88.9 per 100,000 person years; hazard ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval 1.22 to 2.19). Conversely, rosiglitazone was not associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer (86.2 v 88.9 per 100,000 person years; 1.10, 0.83 to 1.47). Duration-response and dose-response relations were observed for pioglitazone but not for rosiglitazone.
conclusionThe results of this large population based study indicate that pioglitazone is associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. The absence of an association with rosiglitazone suggests that the increased risk is drug specific and not a class effect.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.