Trial reportPloS one2016
Reduced Expression of Galectin-9 Contributes to a Poor Outcome in Colon Cancer by Inhibiting NK Cell Chemotaxis Partially through the Rho/ROCK1 Signaling Pathway.
Trial report in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 39 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
39 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 72 citations in OpenAlex.
- New insights on Galectin-9 expression in cancer prognosis: An updated systemic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- The Galectin Family in Colorectal Cancer: Integrating Molecular Mechanisms with Diagnostic, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Perspectives.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Functional role of Galectin-9 in nucleic acid trafficking and transcription post-electrotransfection.NAR molecular medicine · 2026Article
- The TP53-LGALS4 axis modulates the tumor immune microenvironment and synergizes with anti PD-L1 therapy in colorectal cancer.Journal of translational medicine · 2025Article
- Galectin-9 regulates dendritic cell polarity and uropod contraction by modulating RhoA activity.The Journal of cell biology · 2025Article
- Galectin-9-An Emerging Glyco-Immune Checkpoint Target for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- TIM-3/Galectin-9 Immune Axis in Colorectal Cancer in Relation to KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA, AKT1 Mutations, MSI Status, and the Cytokine Milieu.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- [Relationship Between Tim-3 and Galectin-9 Expression Levels, Clinical Pathological Characteristics, and Prognosis in Patients After Radical Resection of Colorectal Cancer].Sichuan da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Sichuan University. Medical science edition · 2024Article
- Myeloid cells as potential targets for immunotherapy in pediatric gliomas.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2024Review
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- The regulating role of galectin-9 in immune cell populations.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Review
- Galectin-9 - ligand axis: an emerging therapeutic target for multiple myeloma.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Review
- Article
- A new emerging target in cancer immunotherapy: Galectin-9 (LGALS9).Genes & diseases · 2023Review
- Hormonal stimulation reduces numbers and impairs function of human uterine natural killer cells during implantation.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2023Article
- Article
- Galectin-9 in Gastroenterological Cancer.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Galectin-9 Expression is Correlated to Cervical Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression and Overall Survival.OncoTargets and therapy · 2023Article
- Galectin-9 expression clinically associated with mature dendritic cells infiltration and T cell immune response in colorectal cancer.BMC cancer · 2022Article
- New Checkpoint Inhibitors on the Road: Targeting TIM-3 in Solid Tumors.Current oncology reports · 2022Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
18 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Galectin-9 is a widely expressed protein that is involved in immune regulation and tumorpathogenesis and serves as a marker of a poor prognosis in various types of cancers. However, the clinical impact and the precise mechanism by which this protein contributes to colon tumor progression are unclear. In the present study, we detected the expression of galectin-9 and CD56 cells using immunohistochemistry. Spearman's rank correlation was used to clarify the association between galectin-9 expression and natural killer (NK) cell infiltration. The influence of galectin-9 on NK-92 cell migration was evaluated in vitro using transwell chemotaxis assays. The role of rh-galectin-9 in F-actin polarization in NK-92 cells was investigated using laser scanning confocal microscopy. We showed that galectin-9 was expressed in 101 (78.91%) colon tumor tissues and that was expressed at lower levels in these tissues than in para-tumor tissues. Low levels of galectin-9 expression were positively correlated with a poor histological grade and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). A Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that overall survival was longer in patients with high galectin-9 expression in an 8-year follow-up (P<0.05). Spearman's rank correlation indicated that there was a linear correlation between galectin-9 expression and CD56+ NK cell infiltration (R(2) = 0.658; P<0.0001). Galectin-9 stimulated migration in human NK-92 cells by affecting F-actin polarization through the Rho/ROCK1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that galectin-9 expression potentially represents a novel mechanism for tumors to escape immune surveillance in colon tumors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.