ReviewInternational journal of environmental research and public health2016
Children's Blood Lead Seasonality in Flint, Michigan (USA), and Soil-Sourced Lead Hazard Risks.
Review in International journal of environmental research and public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 36 papers.
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Who cites it
36 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health insurance, healthcare access, and their roles in the association between blood lead levels and epigenetic aging in United States adults.GeroScience · 2026Article
- Blood Lead Levels in Adults and Children of East Otago Communities, New Zealand: Findings From a Public Health Response to Lead Detected in Drinking Water.Public health challenges · 2026Article
- Blood lead levels in children and soil lead contamination in a former mining area in Germany.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2026Article
- Article
- Neighborhood-scale lead (Pb) speciation in Akron, Ohio (USA) soils: primary sources, post-deposition diagenesis, and high concentrations of labile Pb.Environmental geochemistry and health · 2024Article
- The Effects of the Flint water crisis on the educational outcomes of school-age children.Science advances · 2024Article
- A survey study of factors influencing elevated blood lead levels in donors from Qingdao, China.Blood transfusion = Trasfusione del sangue · 2023Article
- Objectively measured external building quality, Census housing vacancies and age, and serum metals in an adult cohort in Detroit, Michigan.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2023Article
- A Generalizable Evaluated Approach, Applying Advanced Geospatial Statistical Methods, to Identify High Lead Exposure Locations at Census Tract Scale: Michigan Case Study.Environmental health perspectives · 2022Article
- Blood Lead Monitoring in a Former Mining Area in Euskirchen, Germany-Volunteers across the Entire Population.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Testing Homes for Potential Sources of Lead Exposure as a High-School Science Project.GeoHealth · 2021Article
- Soil Lead (Pb) in New Orleans: A Spatiotemporal and Racial Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
- Inaction on Lead Despite the Relevant Knowledge: Predictors, Covariates, and Outreach Implications.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Article
- Social and spatial distribution of soil lead concentrations in the City of Santa Ana, California: Implications for health inequities.The Science of the total environment · 2020Article
- Increased risk for lead exposure in children through consumption of produce grown in urban soils.The Science of the total environment · 2020Article
- Lead Toxicity: Health Hazards, Influence on Food Chain, and Sustainable Remediation Approaches.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- Water lead exposure risk in Flint, Michigan after switchback in water source: Implications for lead service line replacement policy.Environmental research · 2020Article
- Intestinal Microbiome and Metal Toxicity.Current opinion in toxicology · 2020Article
- Safe Community Gardening Practices: Focus Groups with Garden Leaders in Atlanta, Georgia.Local environment · 2020Article
- Lead Exposure and Cardiovascular Disease among Young and Middle-Aged Adults.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In Flint; MI; USA; a public health crisis resulted from the switching of the water supply from Lake Huron to a more corrosive source from the Flint River in April 2014; which caused lead to leach from water lines. Between 2010 and 2015; Flint area children's average blood lead patterns display consistent peaks in the third quarter of the year. The third quarter blood lead peaks displayed a declining trend between 2010 and 2013; then rose abruptly between the third quarters of 2013 from 3.6% blood lead levels ≥5 µg/dL to a peak of about 7% in the third quarter of 2014; an increase of approximately 50%. The percentage of blood lead level ≥5 µg/dL in the first quarter of 2015 then dropped to 2.3%; which was the same percentage as the first quarter of 2014 (prior to the Flint River water source change). The Flint quarterly blood lead level peak then rose to about 6% blood lead levels ≥ 5 µg/dL in the third quarter of 2015; and then declined to about 2.5% in the fourth quarter of 2015. Soil lead data collected by Edible Flint food collaborative reveal generally higher soil lead values in the metropolitan center for Flint; with lower values in the outskirts of the city. The questions that are not being asked is why did children's blood lead levels display a seasonal blood lead pattern before the introduction of the new water supply in Flint; and what are the implications of these seasonal blood lead patterns? Based upon previous findings in Detroit and other North American cities we infer that resuspension to the air of lead in the form of dust from lead contaminated soils in Flint appears to be a persistent contribution to lead exposure of Flint children even before the change in the water supply from Lake Huron to the Flint River.
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