Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27023175›Full record

SynthesisTranslational psychiatry2016

Genome-wide association study of lifetime cannabis use based on a large meta-analytic sample of 32 330 subjects from the International Cannabis Consortium.

S Stringer, C C Minică, K J H Verweij, H Mbarek, M Bernard, J Derringer, K R van Eijk, J D Isen, A Loukola, D F Maciejewski and 70 more

Open access · goldAbstract readMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Translational psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 104 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
104citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
22.3field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

104 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 174 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. The genetics of cannabis lifetime use.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. The Autism-Psychosis Continuum Conundrum: Exploring the Role of the Endocannabinoid System.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022
    Pooled it
  4. Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse · 2019
    Trial
  11. Genetic pleiotropy differentially linking brain variation to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Article
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  17. Review
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44 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

80 authors at 20 institutions in 8 countries.

S StringerDepartment of Complex Trait Genetics, VU Amsterdam, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
C C MinicăDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
K J H VerweijDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
H MbarekDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
M BernardThe Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
J DerringerDepartment of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
K R van EijkDepartment of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
J D IsenDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
A LoukolaDepartment of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
D F MaciejewskiDepartment of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
E MihailovEstonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
P J van der MostDepartment of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
C Sánchez-MoraPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
L RoosTwin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
R ShervaBiomedical Genetics Department, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
R WaltersAnalytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
J J WareSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
A AbdellaouiDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
T B BigdeliDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
S J T BranjeResearch Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
S A BrownDepartment of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
M BruinenbergThe LifeLines Cohort Study, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
M CasasDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
T EskoEstonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
I Garcia-MartinezPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
S D GordonGenetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
J M HarrisTwin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
C A HartmanDepartment of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
A K HendersGenetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
A C HeathDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
I B HickieBrain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
M HickmanSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
C J HopferDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.
J J HottengaDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
A C HuizinkDepartment of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
D E IronsDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
R S KahnDepartment of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
T KorhonenDepartment of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
H R KranzlerDepartment of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
K KrauterDepartment of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
P A C van LierDepartment of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
G H LubkeDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
P A F MaddenDepartment of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
R MägiEstonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
M K McGueDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
S E MedlandGenetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
W H J MeeusResearch Centre Adolescent Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
M B MillerDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
G W MontgomeryGenetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
M G NivardDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
I M NolteDepartment of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
A J OldehinkelInterdisciplinary Center for Pathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
Z PausovaThe Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
B QaiserDepartment of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
L QuayeTwin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
J A Ramos-QuirogaDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
V RicharteDepartment of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
R J RoseDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA.
J ShinThe Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Canada.
M C StallingsDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
A I StibySchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
T L WallDepartment of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
M J WrightGenetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
H M KootDepartment of Developmental Psychology and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
T PausRotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada.
J K HewittDepartment of Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
M RibasésPsychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
J KaprioDepartment of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
M P BoksDepartment of Human Neurogenetics, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
H SniederDepartment of Epidemiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
T SpectorTwin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
M R MunafòSchool of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
A MetspaluEstonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
J GelernterDepartment of Psychiatry, Genetics, and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and VA CT, West Haven, CT, USA.
D I BoomsmaDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
W G IaconoDepartment of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
N G MartinGenetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology and Neurogenetics Laboratories, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
N A GillespieDepartment of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavior Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
E M DerksDepartment of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
J M VinkDepartment of Biological Psychology/Netherlands Twin Register, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute · AUEMGO Institute for Health and Care Research · NLUniversity of Minnesota · USKing's College London · GBUniversity of Tartu · EEUniversity Medical Center Groningen · NLUniversity Medical Center Utrecht · NLUniversity of Bristol · GBUniversity of Colorado Boulder · USUniversity of Groningen · NLVall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari · ESHospital for Sick Children · CAUniversity of California, San Diego · USUniversity of Helsinki · FIUtrecht University · NLVirginia Commonwealth University · USWashington University in St. Louis · USAcademic Medical Center · NLAmsterdam Neuroscience · NLBaycrest Hospital · CA

Funding

NIMH Center Repository Supporting Stem Cell ResearchU24MH068457 · NIMH · RUTGERS THE ST UNIV OF NJ NEW BRUNSWICK · PI BRZUSTOWICZ, LINDA M, KNOWLES, JAMES A · 2003 to 2024
$213.8M
Twin StudyP60DA011015 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HEWITT, JOHN K. · 1997 to 2013
$22.5M
Sex-specific analysis of opioid dependence GWAS and beyondR01DA012690 · NIDA · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI GELERNTER, JOEL · 2000 to 2017
$14.0M
PILOT--GENETIC EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO CONSUMPTION IN CHINESE SAMPLEP50AA011998 · NIAAA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI SLUTSKE, WENDY S · 1999 to 2008
$12.6M
GENETICS OF COCAINE DEPENDENCER01DA012849 · NIDA · YALE UNIVERSITY · PI GELERNTER, JOEL · 1999 to 2010
$11.5M
Substance Abuse & Behavioral Disinhibition: Integrating Genes & EnvironmentU01DA024417 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI IACONO, WILLIAM G. · 2007 to 2010
$10.8M
THE GENETICS OF VULNERABILITY TO NICOTINE ADDICTIONSR01DA012854 · NIDA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI MADDEN, PAMELA ANN · 2000 to 2013
$10.4M
TWIN STUDY OF FEMALE ALCOHOLISMS AND OTHER DISORDERSR01AA009367 · NIAAA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA TWIN CITIES · PI MCGUE, MATTHEW K. · 1992 to 2013
$9.0M
The development of alcohol misuse and related problems from adolescence to early midlifeR01AA015416 · NIAAA · WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY · PI DICK, DANIELLE M, SALVATORE, JESSICA E · 2005 to 2024
$7.6M
GENETICS OF ADOLESCENT ANTISOCIAL DRUG DEPENDENCER01DA012845 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO DENVER · PI HEWITT, JOHN K. · 2000 to 2012
$7.1M
Integration of Genomics & Transcriptomics in Normal Twins & Major DepressionRC2MH089951 · NIMH · UNIV OF NORTH CAROLINA CHAPEL HILL · PI SULLIVAN, PATRICK F · 2009 to 2010
$6.5M
Twin Family Study of Vulnerability to Substance AbuseR37DA005147 · NIDA · UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA · PI IACONO, WILLIAM G. · 2009 to 2018
$6.4M
Medical Research Council G0802736Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/1Medical Research Council MC_UU_12013/6Medical Research Council MR/K023195/1Medical Research Council MR/K023233/1Medical Research Council MR/L022206/1NHGRI NIH HHS N01 HG065403NIAAA NIH HHS K02 AA018755NIAAA NIH HHS K05 AA000145NIAAA NIH HHS K05 AA017688NIAAA NIH HHS P50 AA011998NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA007535NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA007728NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA009203NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA009367NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA010249NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA011330NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA011886NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA012502NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA013320NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA013321NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA014041NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA015416NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA017535NIAAA NIH HHS R01 AA11330NIAAA NIH HHS R37 AA007728NIAAA NIH HHS R37 AA009367NIAAA NIH HHS R37 AA012502NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD042157NIDA NIH HHS K08 DA019951NIDA NIH HHS K24 DA032555NIDA NIH HHS P60 DA011015NIDA NIH HHS R00 DA023549NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA005147NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA012690NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA012845NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA012849NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA012854NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA013240NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA018267NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA018432NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA018660NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA018673NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA021905NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA021913NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA023668NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA024417NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA035804NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA036216NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA12690NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA12849NIDA NIH HHS R01 DA18432NIDA NIH HHS R37 DA005147NIDA NIH HHS R37 DA018673NIDA NIH HHS R56 DA012854NIDA NIH HHS RC2 DA028909NIDA NIH HHS U01 DA024417NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH066140NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH081802NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089951NIMH NIH HHS RC2 MH089995NIMH NIH HHS U01 MH094432NIMH NIH HHS U24 MH068457Wellcome Trust
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cannabis is the most widely produced and consumed illicit psychoactive substance worldwide. Occasional cannabis use can progress to frequent use, abuse and dependence with all known adverse physical, psychological and social consequences. Individual differences in cannabis initiation are heritable (40-48%). The International Cannabis Consortium was established with the aim to identify genetic risk variants of cannabis use. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data of 13 cohorts (N=32 330) and four replication samples (N=5627). In addition, we performed a gene-based test of association, estimated single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability and explored the genetic correlation between lifetime cannabis use and cigarette use using LD score regression. No individual SNPs reached genome-wide significance. Nonetheless, gene-based tests identified four genes significantly associated with lifetime cannabis use: NCAM1, CADM2, SCOC and KCNT2. Previous studies reported associations of NCAM1 with cigarette smoking and other substance use, and those of CADM2 with body mass index, processing speed and autism disorders, which are phenotypes previously reported to be associated with cannabis use. Furthermore, we showed that, combined across the genome, all common SNPs explained 13-20% (P<0.001) of the liability of lifetime cannabis use. Finally, there was a strong genetic correlation (rg=0.83; P=1.85 × 10(-8)) between lifetime cannabis use and lifetime cigarette smoking implying that the SNP effect sizes of the two traits are highly correlated. This is the largest meta-analysis of cannabis GWA studies to date, revealing important new insights into the genetic pathways of lifetime cannabis use. Future functional studies should explore the impact of the identified genes on the biological mechanisms of cannabis use.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultAgedAged, 80 and overCarrier ProteinsCD56 AntigenCell Adhesion MoleculesFemaleGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaleMarijuana AbuseMarijuana SmokingMembrane ProteinsMiddle AgedPotassium ChannelsCADM2 protein, humanCarrier ProteinsCD56 AntigenCell Adhesion MoleculesKCNT2 protein, humanMembrane ProteinsNCAM1 protein, humanPotassium ChannelsPotassium Channels, Sodium-ActivatedSCOC protein, human

Identifiers

PMID27023175
PMCPMC4872459
OpenAlexW2318197473

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.