ArticleBirth (Berkeley, Calif.)2016
A Comparison of Practices During the Confinement Period among Chinese, Malay, and Indian Mothers in Singapore.
Article in Birth (Berkeley, Calif.), 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed.
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Supportive Parenting App on Parental Outcomes: Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2023Trial
- Temporal Changes in Breast Milk Fatty Acids Contents: A Case Study of Malay Breastfeeding Women.Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Impact of educational workshops on breastfeeding practices in traditional Chinese postpartum centres: a cohort study during the COVID-19 pandemic.International breastfeeding journal · 2026Article
- Human milk oligosaccharide composition, concentrations and association with maternal factors in the multi-ethnic Asian GUSTO cohort.Frontiers in nutrition · 2026Article
- Maternal anemia across pregnancy in a multi-ethnic tertiary maternity center in a Singaporean population: prevalence, risk factors, and pregnancy outcomes.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Article
- Psychological dilemmas and distress among Chinese primiparas during the postpartum transition underlying implicit cultural norms: a phenomenological inquiry.BMC psychology · 2025Article
- Acupuncture in obstetrics: delivery room integrative medicine for anxiety and pain.BMJ supportive & palliative care · 2025Article
- A Mobile App-Based Intervention (Parentbot-a Digital Healthcare Assistant) for Parents: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial.Journal of medical Internet research · 2025Article
- Dietary habit and lifestyle of postpartum women in South China: a mixed methods research.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Encouraging Breastfeeding Without Guilt: A Qualitative Study of Breastfeeding Promotion in the Singapore Healthcare Setting.International journal of women's health · 2024Article
- Knowledge and Expectations of Perinatal Care Among Pregnant Women During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Frontiers in global women's health · 2022Article
- Article
- Article
- Postpartum dietary and physical activity-related beliefs and behaviors among women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus: a qualitative study from Singapore.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2021Article
- An active pursuit of reassurance-coping strategies of fathers with infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Journal of perinatology : official journal of the California Perinatal Association · 2021Article
- Article
- Data Resource Profile: Xiamen registry of pregnant women and offspring (REPRESENT): a population-based, long-term follow-up database linking four major healthcare data platforms.International journal of epidemiology · 2021Article
- Comparing breastfeeding experiences between mothers spending the traditional Chinese confinement period in a confinement centre and those staying at home: a cohort study.International breastfeeding journal · 2021Article
- Facilitators and Barriers to Post-partum Diabetes Screening Among Mothers With a History of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus-A Qualitative Study From Singapore.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundConfinement (restrictions placed on diet and practices during the month right after delivery) represents a key feature of Asian populations. Few studies, however, have focused specifically on ethnic differences in confinement practices. This study assesses the confinement practices of three ethnic groups in a multi-ethnic Asian population.
methodsParticipants were part of a prospective birth cohort study that recruited 1,247 pregnant women (57.2% Chinese, 25.5% Malay, and 17.3% Indian) during their first trimester. The 1,220 participants were followed up 3 weeks postpartum at home when questionnaires were administered to ascertain the frequency of adherence to the following confinement practices: showering; confinement-specific meals; going out with or without the baby; choice of caregiver assistance; and the use of massage therapy.
resultsMost participants reported that they followed confinement practices during the first 3 weeks postpartum (Chinese: 96.4%, Malay: 92.4%, Indian: 85.6%). Chinese and Indian mothers tended to eat more special confinement diets than Malay mothers (p < 0.001), and Chinese mothers showered less and were more likely to depend on confinement nannies during this period than mothers from the two other ethnic groups (p < 0.001 for all). Malay mothers tended to make greater use of massage therapy (p < 0.001), whilst Indian mothers tended to have their mothers or mothers-in-law as assistant caregivers (p < 0.001).
conclusionMost Singapore mothers follow confinement practices, but the three Asian ethnic groups differed in specific confinement practices. Future studies should examine whether ethnic differences persist in later childrearing practices.
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