Trial reportJournal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry2016
Development of an Objective Autism Risk Index Using Remote Eye Tracking.
Trial report in Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04942522 (Application of Probiotic PS128), which is not on this map. Cited by 29 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Application of Probiotic PS128 (Lactobacillus Plantarum, PS128) in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Who cites it
29 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The Diagnostic Potential of Eye Tracking to Detect Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: A Systematic Review.Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Pooled it
- Scoping review of precision child and youth mental health research: dwelling in possibility.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2025Pooled it
- Gaze and social functioning associations in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022Pooled it
- Eye-Tracking in Infants and Young Children at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review of Visual Stimuli in Experimental Paradigms.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2021Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Gaze Differences to Social and Nonsocial Information Between Individuals With and Without Autism.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · 2017Pooled it
- Home-based eye tracking for early autism screening: a scoping review of approaches, evidence, and implementation challenges.BMC psychiatry · 2026Article
- Development and Validation of a Short Version Eye-Tracking Paradigm for the Screening and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Qatar.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2026Article
- Advantages of combining multiple eye-tracking paradigms for distinguishing young autistic from non-autistic children.Molecular autism · 2026Article
- Reduced Gaze-Stimulus Synchrony to a Rhythmic Children's Song in Young Children With Autism: A Recurrence Quantification Analysis Approach.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Reduced Gaze-Stimulus Synchrony to a Rhythmic Children's Song in Young Children With Autism: A Recurrence Quantification Analysis Approach.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2026Article
- Eye-Tracking as a Screening Tool in the Early Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Review
- Remote monitoring of social attention in neurogenetic syndromes and idiopathic neurodevelopmental disability.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2025Article
- Preserved but Un-Sustained Responses to Bids for Dyadic Engagement in School-Age Children with Autism.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2025Article
- Study protocol for the EYEdentify project: An examination of gaze behaviour in autistic adults using a virtual reality-based paradigm.PloS one · 2025Article
- Development and validation of an Arabic language eye-tracking paradigm for the early screening and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in Qatar.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2023Article
- Attention Allocation During Exploration of Visual Arrays in ASD: Results from the ABC-CT Feasibility Study.Journal of autism and developmental disorders · 2023Article
- Effects of different types of visual music on the prefrontal hemodynamics of children with autism spectrum disorder based on functional near-infrared spectroscopy.Translational pediatrics · 2023Article
- Computer-Aided Screening of Autism Spectrum Disorder: Eye-Tracking Study Using Data Visualization and Deep Learning.JMIR human factors · 2021Article
- Evidence-based use of scalable biomarkers to increase diagnostic efficiency and decrease the lifetime costs of autism.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2021Article
- Attend Less, Fear More: Elevated Distress to Social Threat in Toddlers With Autism Spectrum Disorder.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveAbnormal eye gaze is a hallmark characteristic of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and numerous studies have identified abnormal attention patterns in ASD. The primary aim of the present study was to create an objective, eye tracking-based autism risk index.
methodIn initial and replication studies, children were recruited after referral for comprehensive multidisciplinary evaluation of ASD and subsequently grouped by clinical consensus diagnosis (ASD n = 25/15, non-ASD n = 20/19 for initial/replication samples). Remote eye tracking was blinded to diagnosis and included multiple stimuli. Dwell times were recorded to each a priori-defined region of interest (ROI) and averaged across ROIs to create an autism risk index. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses examined classification accuracy. Correlations with clinical measures evaluated whether the autism risk index was associated with autism symptom severity independent of language ability.
resultsIn both samples, the autism risk index had high diagnostic accuracy (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.91 and 0.85, 95% CIs = 0.81-0.98 and 0.71-0.96), was strongly associated with Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) severity scores (r = 0.58 and 0.59, p < .001), and not significantly correlated with language ability (r ≤| -0.28|, p > .095).
conclusionThe autism risk index may be a useful quantitative and objective measure of risk for autism in at-risk settings. Future research in larger samples is needed to cross-validate these findings. If validated and scaled for clinical use, this measure could inform clinical judgment regarding ASD diagnosis and track symptom improvements.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.