ArticlePeerJ2016
The risk of smoking on multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis based on 20,626 cases from case-control and cohort studies.
Article in PeerJ, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impacts of environmental tobacco smoke on the onset and progression of multiple sclerosis: a systematic review.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria · 2024Pooled it
- The Effectiveness of Tobacco Dependence Education in Health Professional Students' Practice: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Pooled it
- Sex-Related Differences in Lifestyle Factors Affecting Multiple Sclerosis Susceptibility and Disease Progression.Brain sciences · 2025Review
- Evaluation of the Relationship Between Dietary Inflammatory Index, MIND Diet Score, Some Serum Parameters, and Depression Nutritional Status in Adult Women Diagnosed With Multiple Sclerosis.Food science & nutrition · 2025Article
- Population preventable fraction of total multiple sclerosis risk associated with non-specific effects of vaccinations against hepatitis B virus and influenza A and B viruses in a middle eastern country.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2025Article
- The epidemiology, pathology and pathogenesis of MS: Therapeutic implications.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2025Review
- Lifetime exposure to smoking and substance abuse may be associated with late-onset multiple sclerosis: a population-based case-control study.BMC neurology · 2024Article
- Auto-Immune Diseases, Head and Neck Trauma, and Smoking Are Strong Predictors of Multiple Sclerosis.Iranian journal of public health · 2024Article
- Systematic replication of smoking disease associations using survey responses and EHR data in the All of Us Research Program.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2023Article
- Multiple sclerosis and computational biology (Review).Biomedical reports · 2022Review
- Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis: bridging Mendelian randomization and observational studies.Journal of neurology · 2022Review
- Article
- Effects of cigarette smoke exposure on a mouse model of multiple sclerosis.Toxicology reports · 2022Article
- Article
- A preliminary study of association of cigarette smoking with risk of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder.Medicine · 2021Article
- Review
- A matched case-control study of risk factors associated with multiple sclerosis in Kuwait.BMC neurology · 2020Article
- Number of MRI T1-hypointensity corrected by T2/FLAIR lesion volume indicates clinical severity in patients with multiple sclerosis.PloS one · 2020Article
- Review
- DNA methylation signatures of monozygotic twins clinically discordant for multiple sclerosis.Nature communications · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background. Multiple sclerosis (MS) has become a disease that represents a tremendous burden on patients, families, and societies. The exact etiology of MS is still unclear, but it is believed that a combination of genetic and environmental factors contribute to this disease. Although some meta-analyses on the association between smoking and MS have been previously published, a number of new studies with larger population data have published since then. Consequently, these additional critical articles need to be taken into consideration. Method. We reviewed articles by searching in PubMed and EMBASE. Both conservative and non-conservative models were used to investigate the association between smoking and the susceptibility to MS. We also explored the effect of smoking on the susceptibility to MS in strata of different genders and smoking habits. The association between passive smoking and MS was also explored. Results.The results of this study suggest that smoking is a risk factor for MS (conservative model: odds ratio (OR) 1.55, 95% CI [1.48-1.62], p < 0.001; non-conservative model: 1.57, 95% CI [1.50-1.64], p < 0.001). Smoking appears to increase the risk of MS more in men than in women and in current smokers more than in past smokers. People who exposed to passive smoking have higher risk of MS than those unexposed. Conclusion.This study demonstrated that exposure to smoking is an important risk factor for MS. People will benefit from smoking cessation, and policymakers should pay attention to the association between smoking and MS.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.