ArticleChemical science2016
Article in Chemical science, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Article
- Article
- Impact of Side Chain Structure and Aglycon Carbonyl Group on the Immunostimulatory Activities of Semisynthetic Saponin Adjuvants.ACS pharmacology & translational science · 2026Article
- Structure and immunological activity of QS-21 variant fromFrontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A novel nanoparticle vaccine displaying multistage tuberculosis antigens confers protection in mice infected with H37Rv.NPJ vaccines · 2025Article
- Immunological and Toxicological Assessment of Triterpenoid Saponins Bearing Lewis-X- and QS-21-Based Trisaccharides.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2025Article
- Design and Synthesis of Immunoadjuvant QS-21 Analogs and Their Biological Evaluation.Biomedicines · 2024Article
- Applications of Saponin Extract from Asparagus Roots as Functional Ingredient.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Development of semisynthetic saponin immunostimulants.Medicinal chemistry research : an international journal for rapid communications on design and mechanisms of action of biologically active agents · 2024Review
- Combinatorial optimization and spatial remodeling of CYPs to control product profile.Metabolic engineering · 2023Article
- Article
- Article
- Glycoconjugates: Synthesis, Functional Studies, and Therapeutic Developments.Chemical reviews · 2022Review
- Saponins as Natural Emulsifiers for Nanoemulsions.Journal of agricultural and food chemistry · 2022Review
- Structure and Undulations of Escin Adsorption Layer at Water Surface Studied by Molecular Dynamics.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Replacing the Rhamnose-Xylose Moiety of QS-21 with Simpler Terminal Disaccharide Units Attenuates Adjuvant Activity in Truncated Saponin Variants.Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2021Article
- Natural and Synthetic Saponins as Vaccine Adjuvants.Vaccines · 2021Review
- Natural and synthetic carbohydrate-based vaccine adjuvants and their mechanisms of action.Nature reviews. Chemistry · 2021Review
- Lethal Doses of Saponins fromInsects · 2020Article
- Updated insights into the mechanism of action and clinical profile of the immunoadjuvant QS-21: A review.Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Immunological adjuvants such as the saponin natural product QS-21 help stimulate the immune response to co-administered antigens and have become increasingly important in the development of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines. However, clinical use of QS21 is encumbered by chemical instability, dose-limiting toxicity, and low-yielding purification from the natural source. Previous studies of structure-activity relationships in the four structural domains of QS-21 have led to simplified, chemically stable variants that retain potent adjuvant activity and low toxicity in mouse vaccination models. However, modification of the central glycosyl ester linkage has not yet been explored. Herein, we describe the design, synthesis, immunologic evaluation, and molecular dynamics analysis of a series of novel QS-21 variants with different linker lengths, stereochemistry, and flexibility to investigate the role of this linkage in saponin adjuvant activity and conformation. Despite relatively conservative structural modifications, these variants exhibit striking differences in
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.