ReviewNutrition and metabolic insights2015
Early Programming by Protein Intake: The Effect of Protein on Adiposity Development and the Growth and Functionality of Vital Organs.
Review in Nutrition and metabolic insights, 2015. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
53 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 98 citations in OpenAlex.
- Animal and plant protein intake during infancy and childhood DNA methylation: a meta-analysis in the NutriPROGRAM consortium.Epigenetics · 2024Pooled it
- Relationships between the Intakes of Human Milk Components and Body Composition of Breastfed Infants: A Systematic Review.Nutrients · 2023Pooled it
- Protein Intake from Birth to 2 Years and Obesity Outcomes in Later Childhood and Adolescence: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2021Pooled it
- Clinical audit in the pediatric primary care office and overweight prevention in toddlers.BMC pediatrics · 2020Pooled it
- The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Apparent Saturation of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism After High Dietary Milk Protein Intake in Healthy Adults.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Trial
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- Gastric Emptying and Intragastric Behavior of Breast Milk and Infant Formula in Lactating Mothers.The Journal of nutrition · 2021Trial
- Different Blood Metabolomics Profiles in Infants Consuming a Meat- or Dairy-Based Complementary Diet.Nutrients · 2021Trial
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- A meat- or dairy-based complementary diet leads to distinct growth patterns in formula-fed infants: a randomized controlled trial.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2018Trial
- Hyperinsulinaemia as a cause of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2026Review
- Association of Early Nutrition and Growth and Metabolic Parameters in Very Low Birth Weight Infants.Nutrients · 2026Article
- Functional gut variability drives metabolic and transcriptional features in neonatal piglets.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- The role of alpha-lactalbumin in modulating tryptophan metabolism and serotonin synthesis.NPJ science of food · 2025Article
- Controversies in Parenteral Protein Intake in Preterm Infants.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- White Adipocyte Stem Cell Expansion Through Infant Formula Feeding: New Insights into Epigenetic Programming Explaining the Early Protein Hypothesis of Obesity.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
This article reviews the role of protein intake on metabolic programming early in life. The observations that breastfeeding in infancy reduces the risk of being overweight and obese later in life and the differences in the protein content between formula milk and human milk have generated the early protein hypothesis. The present review focuses on a mechanistic approach to programmed adiposity and the growth and development of other organs by protein intake in infancy, which may be mediated by branched-chain amino acids, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 via the mammalian target of rapamycin. Observational studies and clinical trials have shown that lowering the protein content in infant and follow-on formulas may reduce the risk of becoming obese later in life. The recent body of evidence is currently being translated into new policies. Therefore, the evolution of European regulatory laws and recommendations by expert panels on the protein content of infant and follow-on formulas are also reviewed. Research gaps, such as the critical window for programming adiposity by protein intake, testing formulas with modified amino acids, and the long-term consequences of differences in protein intake on organ functionality among well-nourished infants, have been identified.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.