ArticleThe American journal of psychiatry2016
Distress During Pregnancy: Epigenetic Regulation of Placenta Glucocorticoid-Related Genes and Fetal Neurobehavior.
Article in The American journal of psychiatry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT04363177 (Mental Health of Urban Mothers), which is not on this map. Cited by 121 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Mental Health of Urban Mothers (MUM) Study: A Multi-center Randomized Controlled Trial
Who cites it
121 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 308 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Prenatal psychological distress and neurodevelopmental trajectories in the first 3 years: a systematic review.BMJ open · 2025Pooled it
- DNA methylation studies of depression with onset in the peripartum: A critical systematic review.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2019Pooled it
- Prenatal Primary Prevention of Mental Illness by Micronutrient Supplements in Pregnancy.The American journal of psychiatry · 2018Pooled it
- Prenatal social support in low-risk pregnancy shapes placental epigenome.BMC medicine · 2023Trial
- Article
- The impact of pregestational stress on neurodevelopment: Implications for autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.The Journal of physiology · 2026Review
- Early Life Stress and Adversity in Children: Neuroendocrine Mechanisms, Epigenetic Regulation, and Lifespan Developmental Outcomes-A Narrative Review.Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Glucocorticoid Receptor Signaling: Multilevel Organization, Roles in Fetal Development, and Postnatal Outcomes.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Neuroplacentology of stress: Novel frontiers linking maternal mental health to offspring neurodevelopment.Neurobiology of stress · 2026Review
- Stress during the first 1,000 days of life in humans, when everything begins.Frontiers in human neuroscience · 2026Review
- Distinct maternal DNA methylation associations with gestational age at early and late-mid term pregnancy in a low- and middle-income country: evaluation of biological, genetic, and psychosocial contributors.BMC pregnancy and childbirth · 2025Article
- Cortisol as a Mediator of Prenatal Distress and Difficult Infant Temperament: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol.Health science reports · 2025Article
- Associations among prenatal stress, socioeconomic status, and infant epigenetic aging.Psychoneuroendocrinology · 2025Article
- Placental DNA methylation key topics: sex- and cell-type specificity, mediation, multi-omics, and biomarker discovery.Epigenomics · 2025Review
- Mitochondrial health, prenatal distress, and gestational age: investigation of cf-mtDNA and GDF15 in two pregnancy studies from the USA and Turkey.Mitochondrion · 2025Article
- A Comprehensive Overview of Stress, Resilience, and Neuroplasticity Mechanisms.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Association between maternal perceived stress during pregnancy and offspring DNA methylation changes in HPA axis genes at birth in the ECHO Consortium.Environmental epigenetics · 2025Article
- Molecular signature of cadmium-mediated neurodevelopmental disorders in prenatal to postnatal stages.EXCLI journal · 2025Review
- Evidence for neurobehavioral risk phenotypes at birth.Pediatric research · 2025Review
61 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveIncreased risk of psychopathology is observed in children exposed to maternal prenatal distress, and elevated maternal cortisol and epigenetic regulation of placental glucocorticoid-pathway genes are potential mechanisms. The authors examined maternal distress and salivary cortisol in relation to fetal movement and heart rate ("coupling") and DNA methylation of three glucocorticoid pathway genes-HSD11B2, NR3C1, and FKBP5-in term placentas.
methodMood questionnaires and salivary cortisol were collected from 61 women between 24-27 gestational weeks, and fetal assessment was conducted at 34-37 weeks. Placental CpG methylation in the three genes was analyzed using 450K Beadchips and bisulfite sequencing; correlations between maternal and fetal variables and DNA methylation were tested; and maternal distress effects on fetal behavior via DNA methylation were investigated.
resultsPerceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale), but not cortisol, was associated with altered CpG methylation in placentas. In the highest tertile of the Perceived Stress Scale, the Beadchip data revealed modestly elevated methylation of HSD11B2, associated with lower fetal coupling (β=-0.51), and modestly elevated methylation of FKBP5, also with lower fetal coupling (β=-0.47). These increases in methylation were validated by bisulfite sequencing, where they occurred in a minority of clones.
conclusionsThis is the first study to link the effects of pregnant women's distress on the fetus and epigenetic changes in placental genes. Since increased DNA methylation in HSD11B2 and FKBP5 are seen in a minority of bisulfite sequencing clones, these epigenetic changes, and functional consequences, may affect subpopulations of placental cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.