ArticleEvidence-based dentistry2016
E-cigarette vapour is not inert and exposure can lead to cell damage.
Article in Evidence-based dentistry, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Cigarette and e-cigarette smoking as associated factors of gingivitis in 15-year-olds: a cross-sectional study in Poland.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Influence of E-Liquids and Oral Commensal Bacteria on the Growth ofDentistry journal · 2026Article
- Pathophysiological Responses of Oral Keratinocytes After Exposure to Flavored E-Cigarette Liquids.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Effects of E-Liquids and Their Aerosols on Biofilm Formation and Growth of Oral Commensal Streptococcal Communities: Effect of Cinnamon and Menthol Flavors.Dentistry journal · 2024Article
- Characterizing Tobacco Usage in Otolaryngology Patients to Target Smoking Cessation Efforts.Tobacco use insights · 2024Article
- In Vitro Toxicological Investigation and Risk Assessment of E-Cigarette Aerosols Based on a Novel Solvent-Free Extraction Method.ACS omega · 2022Article
- Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Physicochemical Properties of Saliva.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- A pilot investigation into the influence of electronic cigarettes on oral bacteria.Postepy dermatologii i alergologii · 2021Article
- Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Antioxidant Capacity and Nucleotide Metabolites in Saliva.Toxics · 2021Article
- Maternal tobacco exposure and health-related quality of life during pregnancy: a national-based study of pregnant women in China.Health and quality of life outcomes · 2021Article
- Interventions to prevent periodontal disease in tobacco-, alcohol-, and drug-dependent individuals.Periodontology 2000 · 2020Review
- Reviewing the oral carcinogenic potential of E-cigarettes using the Bradford Hill criteria of causation.Translational cancer research · 2020Review
- Socioeconomic patterning of vaping by smoking status among UK adults and youth.BMC public health · 2020Article
- Flavorless vs. Flavored Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and E-Liquid on the Growth of Common Oral Commensal Streptococci.Frontiers in physiology · 2020Article
- Harmful chemicals emitted from electronic cigarettes and potential deleterious effects in the oral cavity.Tobacco induced diseases · 2020Review
- Influence of Electronic Cigarettes on Selected Antibacterial Properties of Saliva.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- A Comparison of Flavorless Electronic Cigarette-Generated Aerosol and Conventional Cigarette Smoke on the Survival and Growth of Common Oral CommensalInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2019Article
- Oral cancer and tobacco: developments in harm reduction.British dental journal · 2018Article
- How close are we to definitively identifying the respiratory health effects of e-cigarettes?Expert review of respiratory medicine · 2018Review
- Electronic cigarettes: One size does not fit all.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2018Review
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
MATERIALS AND
methodsIn vitro experiments were performed on normal epithelial cells as well as head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines. The widely available cell line HaCat, a spontaneously transformed immortal keratinocyte and the HNSCC cell lines HN30 and UMSCC10B were used. Cells were exposed to nicotine-containing and nicotine-free vapour extract from two popular e-cigarette brands for periods ranging from 48 hours to eight weeks. Cytotoxicity was assessed using Annexin V flow cytometric analysis, trypan blue exclusion and clonogenic assays. Genotoxicity in the form of DNA strand breaks was quantified using the neutral comet assay and γ-H2AX immunostaining.
resultsE-cigarette-exposed cells showed significantly reduced cell viability and clonogenic survival, along with increased rates of apoptosis and necrosis, regardless of e-cigarette vapour nicotine content. They also exhibited significantly increased comet tail length and accumulation of γ-H2AX foci, demonstrating increased DNA strand breaks.
conclusionsIn conclusion, our study strongly suggests that electronic cigarettes are not as safe as their marketing makes them appear to the public. Our in vitro experiments employing two brands of e-cigs show that at biologically relevant doses, vapourised e-cig liquids induce increased DNA strand breaks and cell death, and decreased clono- genic survival in both normal epithelial and HNSCC cell lines independently of nicotine content. Further research is needed to definitively determine the long-term effects of e-cig usage, as well as whether the DNA damage shown in our study as a result of e-cig exposure will lead to mutations that ultimately result in cancer.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.