Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27011784›Full record

ArticleMolecular autism2016

Gazefinder as a clinical supplementary tool for discriminating between autism spectrum disorder and typical development in male adolescents and adults.

Toru Fujioka, Keisuke Inohara, Yuko Okamoto, Yasuhiro Masuya, Makoto Ishitobi, Daisuke N Saito, Minyoung Jung, Sumiyoshi Arai, Yukiko Matsumura, Takashi X Fujisawa and 11 more

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Molecular autism, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 48 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
48citing papers in PubMed, 3 pooled it
2.2field-weighted citation impact, top 14% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

48 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 93 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Gaze and social functioning associations in autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Autism research : official journal of the International Society for Autism Research · 2022
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  17. The impact of attention to social information on the development of socialization in childhood.Scandinavian journal of child and adolescent psychiatry and psychology · 2025
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

21 authors at 8 institutions in 1 country.

Toru FujiokaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Keisuke InoharaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Informatics, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, 182-8585 Japan.
Yuko OkamotoResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Yasuhiro MasuyaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan.
Makoto IshitobiDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8553 Japan.
Daisuke N SaitoResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan.
Minyoung JungResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Sumiyoshi AraiResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Yukiko MatsumuraDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan.
Takashi X FujisawaResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Kosuke NaritaDepartment of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511 Japan.
Katsuaki SuzukiDepartment of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan ; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan.
Kenji J TsuchiyaDepartment of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan ; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan.
Norio MoriDepartment of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan ; Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192 Japan.
Taiichi KatayamaDepartment of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Makoto SatoResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Toshio MunesueDepartment of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8641 Japan.
Hidehiko OkazawaResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan ; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan.
Akemi TomodaResearch Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Yuji WadaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Hirotaka KosakaDepartment of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan ; Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka 565-0871 Japan.
Osaka University · JPChiba University · JPUniversity of Fukui · JPHamamatsu University School of Medicine · JPKanazawa University · JPGunma University · JPNational Institute of Mental Health · JPUniversity of Electro-Communications · JP

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundGaze abnormality is a diagnostic criterion for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, few easy-to-use clinical tools exist to evaluate the unique eye-gaze patterns of ASD. Recently, we developed Gazefinder, an all-in-one eye-tracking system for early detection of ASD in toddlers. Because abnormal gaze patterns have been documented in various ASD age groups, we predicted that Gazefinder might also detect gaze abnormality in adolescents and adults. In this study, we tested whether Gazefinder could identify unique gaze patterns in adolescents and adults with ASD.

methodsWe measured the percentage of eye fixation time allocated to particular objects depicted in movies (i.e., eyes and mouth in human face movies, upright and inverted biological motion in movies that presented these stimuli simultaneously, and people and geometry in movies that presented these stimuli simultaneously) by male adolescents and adults with ASD (N = 26) and age-matched males with typical development (TD; N = 35). We compared these percentages between the two groups (ASD and TD) and with scores on the social responsiveness scale (SRS). Further, we conducted discriminant analyses to determine if fixation times allocated to particular objects could be used to discriminate between individuals with and without ASD.

resultsCompared with the TD group, the ASD group showed significantly less fixation time at locations of salient social information (i.e., eyes in the movie of human faces without lip movement and people in the movie of people and geometry), while there were no significant groupwise differences in the responses to movies of human faces with lip movement or biological motion. In a within-group correlation analysis, a few of the fixation-time items correlated with SRS, although most of them did not. No items significantly correlated with SRS in both ASD and TD groups. The percentage fixation times to eyes and people, which exhibited large effect sizes for the group difference, could differentiate ASD and TD with a sensitivity of 81.0% and a specificity of 80.0%.

conclusionsThese findings suggest that Gazefinder is potentially a valuable and easy-to-use tool for objectively measuring unique gaze patterns and discriminating between ASD and TD in male adolescents and adults.

Indexed as

AdolescentAdultArea Under CurveAutism Spectrum DisorderCase-Control StudiesDiscriminant AnalysisFixation, OcularHumansMaleOcular Physiological PhenomenaPhotic StimulationPsychometricsROC CurveSocial BehaviorTime FactorsAdolescentAdultAutism spectrum disorderBiological motionDiscriminant analysisEye-trackingFaceFixationGaze abnormalityGeometry

Identifiers

PMID27011784
PMCPMC4804639
OpenAlexW2310175811

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.