ArticleClinical and experimental immunology2016
CD21(-/low) B cells in human blood are memory cells.
Article in Clinical and experimental immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 60 papers.
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Who cites it
60 citing papers in PubMed, 95 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impaired memory B-cell recall responses in the elderly following recurrent influenza vaccination.PloS one · 2021Trial
- TLR9 agonist MGN1703 enhances B cell differentiation and function in lymph nodes.EBioMedicine · 2019Trial
- A homozygous CTLA-4 variant causes CTLA-4 deficiency with severe immune dysregulation.Journal of human immunity · 2026Article
- The Presence of CD11c+ B Cells with Potent Effector Memory Phenotype in Lung Adenocarcinoma Correlates with Overall Patient Survival.Cancer immunology research · 2026Article
- A method to unravel complexity in human peripheral blood B-cell subsets through multiomic cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing (CITE-seq) analyses.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Article
- Flow cytometric evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for cross-reactivity with feline leukocytes.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Clinical inflammatory shifts and peripheral flow-cytometry immune modules across benign pulmonary nodules, adenocarcinoma-spectrum nodules, and overt lung cancer.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- A pilot study investigating the comparison of immunological responses to two immunosuppressive regimens in a porcine model.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2026Article
- Deletion of Ptpn2 in B cells promotes autoimmunity via TLR and JAK/STAT signaling.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Single-cell transcriptomics uncovers key immune drivers of vaccine efficacy in cattle.BMC genomics · 2025Article
- Epstein-Barr virus BALF0/1 subverts the Caveolin and ERAD pathways to target B cell receptor complexes for degradation.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Adaptive Cellular Responses following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Primary Antibody Deficiency Patients.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Synthetic Peptides Elicit Humoral Response against Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Swine.Vaccines · 2024Article
- Article
- Cartilage destruction in early rheumatoid arthritis patients correlates with CD21Arthritis research & therapy · 2024Article
- Association Between Cytometric Biomarkers, Clinical Phenotype, and Complications of Common Variable Immunodeficiency.Cureus · 2024Article
- Booster COVID-19 mRNA vaccination ameliorates impaired B-cell but not T-cell responses in older adults.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Longevity of antibody responses is associated with distinct antigen-specific B cell subsets early after infection.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- B-cell dynamics underlying poor response upon split-inactivated influenza virus vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Emerging insights into atypical B cells in pediatric chronic infectious diseases and immune system disorders: T(o)-bet on control of B-cell immune activation.The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology · 2024Review
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The complement receptor 2 (CR2, CD21) is part of a complex (CD21/CD19/CD81) acting as a co-receptor to the B cell receptor (BCR). Simultaneous triggering of the BCR and CD21 lowers the threshold for B cell activation. Although CD21 is important, B cells that express low amounts or lack surface CD21 (CD21(-/low) ) are increased in conditions with chronic inflammation, e.g. autoimmune diseases. However, little is known about the CD21(-/low) B cell subset in peripheral blood from healthy donors. Here, we show that CD21(-/low) cells represent approximately 5% of B cells in peripheral blood from adults but are barely detectable in cord blood, after excluding transitional B cells. The CD21(-/low) subset can be divided into CD38(-) 24(+) and CD38(-) 24(low) cells, where most of the CD38(-) 24(+) are CD27(+) immunoglobulin (Ig)M(+) IgD(+) and the CD38(-) 24(low) are switched CD27(-) . Expression levels of additional markers, e.g. CD95 and CD62L, are similar to those on classical memory B cells. In contrast to naive cells, the majority of CD21(-/low) cells lack expression of the ABCB1 transporter. Stimulation with a combination of BCR, Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7/8 and interleukin (IL)-2 induces proliferation and differentiation of the CD21(-/low) B cells comparable to CD21(+) CD27(+) memory B cells. The response excluding BCR agonist is not on par with that of classical memory B cells, although clearly above that of naive B cells. This is ascribed to a weaker response by the CD38(-) 24(low) subset, implying that some memory B cells require not only TLR but also BCR triggering. We conclude that the CD21(-/low) cells in healthy donors are memory B cells.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.