ArticleInfectious diseases of poverty2016
Patients direct costs to undergo TB diagnosis.
Article in Infectious diseases of poverty, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Health insurance's contribution to reducing the financial burden of tuberculosis in Guizhou Province, China.Epidemiology and infection · 2024Article
- Protocol for the Addressing the Social Determinants and Consequences of Tuberculosis in Nepal (ASCOT) pilot trial.Wellcome open research · 2022Article
- Article
- How to reduce household costs for people with tuberculosis: a longitudinal costing survey in Nepal.Health policy and planning · 2021Article
- Developing Feasible, Locally Appropriate Socioeconomic Support for TB-Affected Households in Nepal.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2020Article
- Analysis of the economic burden of diagnosis and treatment on patients with tuberculosis in Bao'an district of Shenzhen City, China.PloS one · 2020Article
- The role of active case finding in reducing patient incurred catastrophic costs for tuberculosis in Nepal.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2019Article
- Pathways and associated costs of care in patients with confirmed and presumptive tuberculosis in Tanzania: A cross-sectional study.BMJ open · 2019Article
- High admission rates and heavy inpatient service costs of urban tuberculosis patients in eastern China.BMC health services research · 2019Article
- Direct costs of illness of patients with chronic cough in rural Malawi-Experiences from Dowa and Ntchisi districts.PloS one · 2019Article
- Bringing patient-centered tuberculosis diagnosis into the light of day.BMC medicine · 2017Article
- Spot sputum samples are at least as good as early morning samples for identifying Mycobacterium tuberculosis.BMC medicine · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
17 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundA major impediment to the treatment of TB is a diagnostic process that requires multiple visits. Descriptions of patient costs associated with diagnosis use different protocols and are not comparable.
methodsWe aimed to describe the direct costs incurred by adults attending TB diagnostic centres in four countries and factors associated with expenditure for diagnosis. Surveys of 2225 adults attending smear-microscopy centres in Nigeria, Nepal, Ethiopia and Yemen. Adults >18 years with cough >2 weeks were enrolled prospectively. Direct costs were quantified using structured questionnaires. Patients with costs >75(th) quartile were considered to have high expenditure (cases) and compared with patients with costs <75(th) quartile to identify factors associated with high expenditure.
resultsThe most significant expenses were due to clinic fees and transport. Most participants attended the centres with companions. High expenditure was associated with attending with company, residing in rural areas/other towns and illiteracy.
conclusionsThe costs incurred by patients are substantial and share common patterns across countries. Removing user fees, transparent charging policies and reimbursing clinic expenses would reduce the poverty-inducing effects of direct diagnostic costs. In locations with limited resources, support could be prioritised for those most at risk of high expenditure; those who are illiterate, attend the service with company and rural residents.
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