ReviewBMC medicine2016
'"Why me, why now?" Using clinical immunology and epidemiology to explain who gets nontuberculous mycobacterial infection.
Review in BMC medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 82 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
82 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 133 citations in OpenAlex.
- Prevalence and Characteristics of Non-tuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infection in Recipients of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Journal of clinical immunology · 2023Pooled it
- Macrolide-resistantJournal of clinical tuberculosis and other mycobacterial diseases · 2026Review
- Beyond the germ: Rethinking implant-related infections as a host-microbiota-biomaterial ecosystem.Biofilm · 2026Review
- Nontuberculosis Mycobacterial Infections: A Series of 14 Cases from a Tertiary Care Center in Türkiye.Infectious diseases & clinical microbiology · 2026Article
- Mycobacterium avium Infection in a Domestic Shorthair Cat Following Subdermal Hyaluronic Acid Filler Injection.Veterinary ophthalmology · 2026Article
- A cross-environment comparison of nontuberculous mycobacterial diversity.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2026Article
- Differential roles of resident lung macrophages during control of murine alveolar and airwayFrontiers in tuberculosis · 2026Article
- Immunopathological outcomes are isolate dependent in chronic Mycobacterium avium complex pulmonary disease.Disease models & mechanisms · 2026Article
- Case Report: SuspectedFrontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Differential Transcriptomic Features of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Pulmonary Sarcoidosis with and Without Extrapulmonary Lesions in an East Asian Population.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Cutaneous Opportunistic Mycobacterial and Fungal Infections in Adult-Onset Immunodeficiency Due to Anti-Interferon-Gamma Autoantibodies-Decoding Skin Involvement Patterns.Open forum infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Microbiological Quality and Presence of Clinically Relevant Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Purified Water from Vending Machines in Michoacan, Mexico.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Mycobacterium hainanense sp. nov. represents an emerging nontuberculous Mycobacterium associated with chronic pulmonary disease.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Cell Death Mechanisms inPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Extrapulmonary Comparisons BetweenInfection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- A practical guide to the diagnosis and management of suspected Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial Pulmonary Disease (NTM-PD) in the United Kingdom.NPJ primary care respiratory medicine · 2024Article
- Toward better cures forClinical microbiology reviews · 2024Review
- Biochip-Based Identification of Mycobacterial Species in Russia.International journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- The Intriguing Pattern of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Bulgaria and Description ofInternational journal of molecular sciences · 2024Article
- Mortality Rate and Cause of Death in Adults with Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Infection, Denmark.Emerging infectious diseases · 2024Article
22 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease is rising. An understanding of known risk factors for disease sheds light on the immunological and physical barriers to infection, and how and why they may be overcome. This review focuses on human NTM infection, supported by experimental and in vitro data of relevance to the practising clinician who seeks to understand why their patient has NTM infection and how to further investigate. DISCUSSION: First, the underlying immune response to NTM disease is examined. Important insights regarding NTM disease susceptibility come from nature's own knockouts, the primary immune deficiency disorders. We summarise the current knowledge surrounding interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-interleukin-12 (IL-12) axis abnormalities, followed by a review of phagocytic defects, T cell lymphopenia and rarer genetic conditions known to predispose to NTM disease. We discuss how these define key immune pathways involved in the host response to NTM. Iatrogenic immunosuppression is also important, and we evaluate the impact of novel biological therapies, as well as bone marrow transplant and chemotherapy for solid organ malignancy, on the epidemiology and presentation of NTM disease, and discuss the host defence dynamics thus revealed. NTM infection and disease in the context of other chronic illnesses including HIV and malnutrition is reviewed. The role of physical barriers to infection is explored. We describe how their compromise through different mechanisms including cystic fibrosis, bronchiectasis and smoking-related lung disease can result in pulmonary NTM colonisation or infection. We also summarise further associations with host factors including body habitus and age. We use the presented data to develop an over-arching model that describes human host defences against NTM infection, where they may fail, and how this framework can be applied to investigation in routine clinical practice.
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Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.