ReviewToxins2016
Perfringolysin O Theta Toxin as a Tool to Monitor the Distribution and Inhomogeneity of Cholesterol in Cellular Membranes.
Review in Toxins, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- Expansion Microscopy Reveals the Spatial Association of Therapeutic Antibody-Receptor Complexes With Cholesterol-Rich Membrane Domains.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Targeting intracellular cholesterol imbalance rescues sarcomere-ER contact site signaling and ER remodeling in dilated cardiomyopathy.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Article
- Leaflet-specific phospholipid imaging using genetically encoded proximity sensors.Nature chemical biology · 2026Article
- A dynamic feedback loop between retrograde sterol transport and TORC2 controls adaptation of the plasma membrane to stress.The EMBO journal · 2025Article
- Effect of statins on IL-10 signaling and production by chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2025Article
- Maistero-2, a Novel Probe for Sterols: Application for Visualizing Cellular Cholesterol.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Visualizing Phosphatidic Acid and Diacylglycerol at the Nuclear Envelope in Fission Yeast.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Use of the D4H Probe to Track Sterols in Yeast.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- The Barrier Disruption and Pyroptosis of Intestinal Epithelial Cells Caused by Perfringolysin O (PFO) fromCells · 2024Article
- Visualization of accessible cholesterol using a GRAM domain-based biosensor.Nature communications · 2023Article
- Elevated levels of sphingolipid MIPC in the plasma membrane disrupt the coordination of cell growth with cell wall formation in fission yeast.PLoS genetics · 2023Article
- A basic model for the association of ligands with membrane cholesterol: application to cytolysin binding.Journal of lipid research · 2023Article
- Two distinct lipid transporters together regulate invasive filamentous growth in the human fungal pathogen Candida albicans.PLoS genetics · 2022Article
- A novel sterol-binding protein reveals heterogeneous cholesterol distribution in neurite outgrowth and in late endosomes/lysosomes.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2022Article
- GST-Perfringolysin O production for the localization and quantification of membrane cholesterol in human and mouse brain and liver.STAR protocols · 2022Article
- Measuring and Manipulating Membrane Cholesterol for the Study of Hedgehog Signaling.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2022Article
- The Many Faces of Lipids in Genome Stability (and How to Unmask Them).International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Maintenance and loss of endocytic organelle integrity: mechanisms and implications for antigen cross-presentation.Open biology · 2021Review
- More than one way to bind to cholesterol: atypical variants of membrane-binding domain of perfringolysin O selected by ribosome display.RSC advances · 2020Article
- Cell-Based No-Wash Fluorescence Assays for Compound Screens Using a Fluorescence Cytometry Plate Reader.The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component of cellular membranes in eukaryotes. Cholesterol in the exofacial leaflet of the plasma membrane is thought to form membrane nanodomains with sphingolipids and specific proteins. Additionally, cholesterol is found in the intracellular membranes of endosomes and has crucial functions in membrane trafficking. Furthermore, cellular cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of de novo synthesis rely on transport via both vesicular and non-vesicular pathways. Thus, the ability to visualize and detect intracellular cholesterol, especially in the plasma membrane, is critical to understanding the complex biology associated with cholesterol and the nanodomains. Perfringolysin O (PFO) theta toxin is one of the toxins secreted by the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium perfringens and this toxin forms pores in the plasma membrane that causes cell lysis. It is well understood that PFO recognizes and binds to cholesterol in the exofacial leaflets of the plasma membrane, and domain 4 of PFO (D4) is sufficient for the binding of cholesterol. Recent studies have taken advantage of this high-affinity cholesterol-binding domain to create a variety of cholesterol biosensors by using a non-toxic PFO or the D4 in isolation. This review highlights the characteristics and usefulness of, and the principal findings related to, these PFO-derived cholesterol biosensors.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.