ArticleLipids in health and disease2016
The relationship between omega-3 and smoking habit: a cross-sectional study.
Article in Lipids in health and disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 42 citations in OpenAlex.
- Impact of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Alcohol Use and Negative Consequences: A Systematic Review.Nutrition reviews · 2025Pooled it
- Dietary Omega-3 PUFAs in Metabolic Disease Research: A Decade of Omics-Enabled Insights (2014-2024).Nutrients · 2025Pooled it
- OMEGA-3 Interventions in Alcohol Dependence and Related Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Propositions.Current neuropharmacology · 2020Pooled it
- Research on the Mechanism of Natural Products Acting on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
- Pro-resolving lipid mediators in diseases: exploring the molecular basis and clinical implication.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Exploratory study on the association of fish consumption with serum cotinine levels in the general adult population.BMC nutrition · 2025Article
- Specialized Pro-Resolving Lipid Mediators in Pulmonary Diseases: Molecular and Therapeutic Implications.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Persistent Aggressive Behaviour From Childhood to Adolescence: The Influence of Environmental Tobacco Exposure and the Protective Role of Fish Consumption.Criminal behaviour and mental health : CBMH · 2025Article
- Knowledge and Consumption Patterns of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Among the Central Balkan Population-A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study.Nutrients · 2024Article
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- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Is Social Injustice the Elephant in the Room?American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2021Article
- Interactive Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Secondhand Smoke in Mice and Human Subjects.Cardiovascular toxicology · 2021Article
- The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Setting of Coronary Artery Disease and COPD: A Review.Nutrients · 2018Review
- Maternal fish consumption during pregnancy and smoking behavioural patterns.The British journal of nutrition · 2018Article
- Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Preeclampsia: Trials Say "No," but Is It the Final Word?Nutrients · 2017Review
- Determinants of polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations in erythrocytes of pregnant Japanese women from a birth cohort study: study protocol and baseline findings of an adjunct study of the Japan environment & Children's study.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2017Article
- Alterations in Serum Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Eicosanoids in Patients with Mild to Moderate Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD).International journal of molecular sciences · 2016Article
- Intensive lifestyle intervention provides rapid reduction of serum fatty acid levels in women with severe obesity without lowering omega-3 to unhealthy levels.Clinical obesity · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOmega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are related to several diseases, including smoking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between omega-3 intake and tobacco smoking, taking into account the qualitative differences in dietary intake between smokers and non-smokers, the amount of the ingested PUFA and their red blood (RBC) contents. We also looked for an association between omega-3 RBC content and smoking, and also between omega3 intake and the level of nicotine dependence.
methodsUsing a cross-sectional study, we included 50 current smokers (group I) and 50 lifetime non-smokers (group II), aged 18-75 years. We screened them at the Toronto Western Hospital and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Toronto, Canada). The subjects completed a questionnaire with demographic data, lifestyle habits and details of food intake. The PUFAs measured in the RBC membranes were alphalinolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In order to perform an adjusted comparison between smokers and non-smokers we used the ANCOVA model.
resultsAfter adjusting for confounding factors, non-smokers showed higher consumption of PUFAs, especially salmon: 800 g (0-7.740) than smokers 430 g (0-2.150) P < 0.001. They also had higher DHA levels compared to smokers: 4.81% (2.79-10.21) and 4.13% (2.33-7.73), respectively, p < 0.05. The other PUFAs showed no significant differences between the two groups.
conclusionsSmokers ate less fish rich in omega3 fatty acids than non-smokers, showing and inverse and significant relationship between omega3 intake and smoking. Smokers had lower levels of DHA and EPA, a not previously reported finding. Considering that PUFAs probably interfere in smoking habit, the increase in omega-3 consumption may become a perspective in prevention or treatment of smoking. However, this inference must be evaluated through specific studies.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.