SynthesisPublic health nutrition2016
Apple intake and cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Synthesis in Public health nutrition, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 55 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk factors for breast cancer: an umbrella review of observational cohort studies and causal relationship analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2025Pooled it
- Diets, Dietary Patterns, Single Foods and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Association between dietary intake and risk of ovarian cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of nutrition · 2021Pooled it
- Dietary patterns derived from principal component analysis (PCA) and risk of colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.European journal of clinical nutrition · 2019Pooled it
- Dietary Manipulation on Gut Microbiome in Patients with Diabetes and Colorectal cancer.Current nutrition reports · 2025Review
- An Overview of Apple Varieties and the Importance of Apple Consumption in the Prevention of Non-Communicable Diseases-A Narrative Review.Nutrients · 2024Review
- Humanistic Health Management and Cancer: Associations of Psychology, Nutrition, and Exercise with Cancer Progression and Pathogenesis.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2024Review
- The Risk of Oral Cancer and the High Consumption of Thermally Processed Meat Containing Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Compounds.Nutrients · 2024Article
- The influence of different forms of apple products on all-cause mortality in patients with hypertension.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Does an apple a day keep away diseases? Evidence and mechanism of action.Food science & nutrition · 2023Review
- Specific botanical groups of fruit and vegetable consumption and liver cancer and chronic liver disease mortality: a prospective cohort study.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2023Article
- Polyphenols in Ilex latifolia Thunb. inhibit human lung cancer cell line A549 by regulation of the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2022Article
- Review
- Phenolic content, chemical composition and anti-/pro-oxidant activity of Gold Milenium and Papierowka apple peel extracts.Scientific reports · 2020Article
- Nutrigenomics and Breast Cancer: State-of-Art, Future Perspectives and Insights for Prevention.Nutrients · 2020Review
- Whole Fruits and Fruit Fiber Emerging Health Effects.Nutrients · 2018Review
- Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Diet and Breast Cancer Risk.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2018Review
- Chlorogenic acid regulates apoptosis and stem cell marker-related gene expression in A549 human lung cancer cells.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2018Article
- Phloretin Exerts Anti-Tuberculosis Activity and Suppresses Lung Inflammation.Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) · 2017Article
- Estimation of Apple Intake for the Exposure Assessment of Residual Chemicals Using Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Database.Clinical nutrition research · 2016Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveConflicting results on the association between fruit consumption and cancer risk have been reported. Little is known about the cancer preventive effects of different fruit types. The present meta-analysis investigates whether an association exists between apple intake and cancer risk.
designRelevant observational studies were identified by literature search (PubMed, Web of Science and Embase). A random-effect model was used to estimate the cancer risk in different anatomical sites. Between-study heterogeneity and publication bias were assessed using adequate statistical tests.
resultsTwenty case-control (three on lung, five on colorectal, five on breast, two on oesophageal, three on oral cavity, two on prostate and one each on pancreas, bladder, larynx, ovary, kidney and brain cancer) and twenty-one cohort (seven on lung, two on colorectal, three on breast and one each on oesophageal, pancreas, bladder, kidney, endometrial, head-neck, urothelial and stomach cancer) studies met the inclusion criteria. Comparing the highest v. lowest level of apple consumption, the reduction of lung cancer risk was statistically highly significant in both case-control (OR=0·75; 95% CI 0·63, 0·88; P=0·001, I 2=0 %) and cohort studies (relative risk=0·89; 95% CI 0·84, 0·94; P<0·001, I 2=53 %). Instead, in the case of colorectal (OR=0·66; 95% CI 0·54, 0·81; P<0·001, I 2=55%), breast (OR=0·79; 95% CI 0·73, 0·87; P<0·001, I 2=1 %) and overall digestive tract (OR=0·50; 95% CI 0·36, 0·69; P<0·001, I 2=90 %) cancers a significant preventive effect of apples was found only in case-control studies while prospective studies indicated no effect. No evidence of publication bias could be detected for colorectal, oral cavity, oesophageal and breast cancer. However, some confounding effects may be present and related to the consumption of other fruit which have not been considered as adjusting factors.
conclusionsThe present meta-analysis indicates that consumption of apples is associated with a reduced risk of cancer in different anatomical sites.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.