Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27000312›Full record

SynthesisEuropean journal of epidemiology2016

Modifiable risk factors for the prevention of bladder cancer: a systematic review of meta-analyses.

Abdulmohsen H Al-Zalabani, Kelly F J Stewart, Anke Wesselius, Annemie M W J Schols, Maurice P Zeegers

Abstract readSystematic Review
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in European journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 103 papers, 12 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
103citing papers in PubMed, 12 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

103 citing papers in PubMed, 12 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

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  3. Bladder cancer risk factors: a comprehensive umbrella review of meta-analyses.International journal of surgery (London, England) · 2026
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  5. Epidemiology of Bladder Cancer in the Arab World: 2019 Global Burden of Disease Data.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2022
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43 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Abdulmohsen H Al-ZalabaniDepartment of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, Taibah University, P.O. Box 42317, Madinah, 41541, Saudi Arabia.
Kelly F J StewartDepartment of Complex Genetics, School of Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MS, Maastricht, The Netherlands. k.stewart@maastrichtuniversity.nl.ORCID 0000-0002-4451-6012
Anke WesseliusDepartment of Complex Genetics, School of Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MS, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Annemie M W J ScholsDepartment of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MS, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Maurice P ZeegersDepartment of Complex Genetics, School of Nutrition, and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. O. Box 616, 6200 MS, Maastricht, The Netherlands.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Each year, 430,000 people are diagnosed with bladder cancer. Due to the high recurrence rate of the disease, primary prevention is paramount. Therefore, we reviewed all meta-analyses on modifiable risk factors of primary bladder cancer. PubMed, Embase and Cochrane database were systematically searched for meta-analyses on modifiable risk factors published between 1995 and 2015. When appropriate, meta-analyses (MA) were combined in meta-meta-analysis (MMA). If not, the most comprehensive MA was selected based on the number of primary studies included. Probability of causation was calculated for individual factors and a subset of lifestyle factors combined. Of 1496 articles identified, 5 were combined in MMA and 21 were most comprehensive on a single risk factor. Statistically significant associations were found for current (RR 3.14) or former (RR 1.83) cigarette smoking, pipe (RR 1.9) or cigar (RR 2.3) smoking, antioxidant supplementation (RR 1.52), obesity (RR 1.10), higher physical activity levels (RR 0.86), higher body levels of selenium (RR 0.61) and vitamin D (RR 0.75), and higher intakes of: processed meat (RR 1.22), vitamin A (RR 0.82), vitamin E (RR 0.82), folate (RR 0.84), fruit (RR 0.77), vegetables (RR 0.83), citrus fruit (RR 0.85), and cruciferous vegetables (RR 0.84). Finally, three occupations with the highest risk were tobacco workers (RR 1.72), dye workers (RR 1.58), and chimney sweeps (RR 1.53). The probability of causation for individual factors ranged from 4 to 68 %. The combined probability of causation was 81.8 %. Modification of lifestyle and occupational exposures can considerably reduce the bladder cancer burden. While smoking remains one of the key risk factors, also several diet-related and occupational factors are very relevant.

Indexed as

DietExerciseFemaleHumansMaleMeta-Analysis as TopicOccupational ExposureOccupationsRisk FactorsSmokingUrinary Bladder NeoplasmsBladder cancerLifestyleObesityOccupationPreventionRisk factorsSmoking

Identifiers

PMID27000312
PMCPMC5010611

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.