ArticleCancer2016
Population attributable fractions of risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States.
Article in Cancer, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 201 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
201 citing papers in PubMed, 322 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Phase II Clinical Trial on the Combination Therapy of PHY906 Plus Capecitabine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma.The oncologist · 2021Trial
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma Detection by Plasma Methylated DNA: Discovery, Phase I Pilot, and Phase II Clinical Validation.Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.) · 2019Trial
- Racial and ethnic survival disparities in primary liver cancer in the United States: a National Cancer Database propensity score-matched study.Hepatic oncology · 2026Article
- Menopausal hormone therapy and primary liver cancer: long-term follow-up of the women's health initiative randomized trials.British journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Master Regulator SMC1A, Stabilized by N6-Methyladenosine Reader IGF2BP1, Promotes HCC Progression Through Facilitating Enhancer-Promoter Interaction of Nestin.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Rare Germline Variants in Key Pathways Contribute to Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk in Hispanic Individuals.Cancers · 2026Article
- Hepatocellular Carcinoma Survival in People With and Without HIV in the United States, 2001-2019.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2026Article
- The global epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma.Hepatology communications · 2026Review
- Sex differences in cancer incidence persist across race and ethnicity.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Association of Statin Use with Reduced Primary Liver Cancer Risk, Independent of Age and Cirrhosis Protection in MASLD.Cancers · 2026Article
- Pre-diagnostic immunological markers of bacterial translocation and liver cancer risk: A nested case-control analysis of 12 prospective cohorts.International journal of cancer · 2026Article
- Disparities in Diagnosis, Management, and Outcomes of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Review of Global and Sociodemographic Factors.Journal of gastrointestinal cancer · 2026Review
- Metabolic syndrome is independently associated with 1-year readmission in patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Article
- Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Outcomes in Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma.The Journal of surgical research · 2026Article
- Sex and gender disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma: insights into risk, diagnosis, and therapeutic outcomes.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2025Review
- A Comparative Study of Radiofrequency Ablation, Microwave Ablation, and Percutaneous Ethanol Injection in Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma-A Single-Center Experience.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Clinical risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in Southeast Louisiana: a matched case-control study.Cancer causes & control : CCC · 2025Article
- Review
- Public health strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma: from risk factors to prevention and control.Journal of liver cancer · 2025Article
- Pre-diagnostic circulating bile acid concentrations and liver cancer risk: a nested case-control analysis of 12 cohorts.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2025Article
141 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors at 4 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) incidence has been increasing in the United States for several decades; and, as the incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection declines and the prevalence of metabolic disorders rises, the proportion of HCC attributable to various risk factors may be changing.
methodsData from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results-Medicare linkage were used to calculate population attributable fractions (PAFs) for each risk factor over time. Patients with HCC (n = 10,708) who were diagnosed during the years 2000 through 2011 were compared with a 5% random sample of cancer-free controls (n = 332,107) residing in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results areas. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and PAFs were calculated for HCV, hepatitis B virus (HBV), metabolic disorders, alcohol-related disorders, smoking, and genetic disorders.
resultsOverall, the PAF was greatest for metabolic disorders (32%), followed by HCV (20.5%), alcohol (13.4%), smoking (9%), HBV (4.3%), and genetic disorders (1.5%). The PAF for all factors combined was 59.5%. PAFs differed by race/ethnicity and sex. Metabolic disorders had the largest PAF among Hispanics (PAF, 39.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 31.9%-46.7%) and whites (PAF, 34.8%; 95% CI, 33.1%-36.5%), whereas HCV had the largest PAF among blacks (PAF, 36.1%; 95% CI, 31.8%-40.4%) and Asians (PAF, 29.7%; 95% CI, 25.9%-33.4%). Between 2000 and 2011, the PAF of metabolic disorders increased from 25.8% (95% CI, 22.8%-28.9%) to 36% (95% CI, 33.6%-38.5%). In contrast, the PAFs of alcohol-related disorders and HCV remained stable.
conclusionsAmong US Medicare recipients, metabolic disorders contribute more to the burden of HCC than any other risk factor, and the fraction of HCC caused by metabolic disorders has increased in the last decade. Cancer 2016;122:1757-65. Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA..
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.