Evidence map›Paper›PMID 26998259›Full record

ReviewJRSM cardiovascular disease

A clinical perspective of obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease.

Thang S Han, Mike Ej Lean

2 registry-linked trialsOpen access · bronzeAbstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in JRSM cardiovascular disease. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 236 papers, 7 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
236citing papers in PubMed, 7 pooled it
38.9field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

NCT05703438 nacompletednot on this map

The Effect of a Nutritionally Balanced Low Calorie Diet Based on Traditional Indonesian Foods on Obese People's Metabolic Biomarkers

TypeinterventionalSponsorAndalas UniversityRan2022 to 2022Enrolled50ConditionsMetabolic Syndrome, Protection AgainstArmsNutritionally balanced low-calorie diet
NCT06271200 narecruitingnot on this map

Effects of Intensive Lifestyle Interventions (ILI) on Weight Loss and Cardiometabolic Risks in Obese Adults With Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial

TypeinterventionalSponsorNational Health Research Institutes, TaiwanRan2024 to 2027Enrolled200ConditionsMetabolic SyndromeArmsStrategic lifestyle and drug interventions, Control
3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

236 citing papers in PubMed, 7 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 504 citations in OpenAlex.

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  7. OVERWEIGHT AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS WITH PHENYLKETONURIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2020
    Pooled it
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  19. Weight discrimination and metabolic syndrome: Examining discrimination attributions and frequency across settings.Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association · 2026
    Article
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176 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.

Thang S HanInstitute of Cardiovascular Research, Royal Holloway, University of London (ICR2UL) and Ashford and St Peter's NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
Mike Ej LeanHuman Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK.
Royal Holloway University of London · GBUniversity of Glasgow · GB

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The metabolic syndrome is a condition characterized by a special constellation of reversible major risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. The main, diagnostic, components are reduced HDL-cholesterol, raised triglycerides, blood pressure and fasting plasma glucose, all of which are related to weight gain, specifically intra-abdominal/ectopic fat accumulation and a large waist circumference. Using internationally adopted arbitrary cut-off values for waist circumference, having metabolic syndrome doubles the risk of cardiovascular disease, but offers an effective treatment approach through weight management. Metabolic syndrome now affects 30-40% of people by age 65, driven mainly by adult weight gain, and by a genetic or epigenetic predisposition to intra-abdominal/ectopic fat accumulation related to poor intra-uterine growth. Metabolic syndrome is also promoted by a lack of subcutaneous adipose tissue, low skeletal muscle mass and anti-retroviral drugs. Reducing weight by 5-10%, by diet and exercise, with or without, anti-obesity drugs, substantially lowers all metabolic syndrome components, and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Other cardiovascular disease risk factors such as smoking should be corrected as a priority. Anti-diabetic agents which improve insulin resistance and reduce blood pressure, lipids and weight should be preferred for diabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Bariatric surgery offers an alternative treatment for those with BMI ≥ 40 or 35-40 kg/m(2) with other significant co-morbidity. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease is expected to rise along with the global obesity epidemic: greater emphasis should be given to effective early weight-management to reduce risk in pre-symptomatic individuals with large waists.

Indexed as

bariatric surgeryCoronary heart diseasediabetesinsulin resistanceweight management

Identifiers

PMID26998259
PMCPMC4780070
OpenAlexW2311898277

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.