SynthesisBMJ open2016
Association between subjective social status and cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 83 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
83 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- A systematic review and meta-analysis on heat thresholds for maternal health and birth outcomes.Nature communications · 2026Pooled it
- The Role of Social Determinants of Health in Cardiovascular Diseases: An Umbrella Review.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2023Pooled it
- Article
- The impact of socioeconomic status on outcomes of peripheral arterial disease in North-East Ireland.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Article
- Longitudinal associations of dynamic transitions of multidimensional health vulnerability with cardiovascular disease risk: evidence from UK Biobank.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic differences in the prevalence, treatment and control of major cardiometabolic risk factors by sex: a cross-sectional study of the UK Biobank.BMJ public health · 2026Article
- Socioeconomic inequality and modifiable cardiovascular risk factor clusters among consulters with and without osteoarthritis in England.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Multimorbidity Patterns in Climacteric Women with Hypertension.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Behavioural and metabolic mediators of socioeconomic inequalities in type 2 diabetes: comparing counterfactual and traditional mediation analysis.European journal of public health · 2025Article
- Lower subjective status is associated with reduced satiation and satiety among children and adolescents: A laboratory study.Appetite · 2025Article
- Contributions of subjective status to eating behaviors, obesity, and metabolic health across development.Appetite · 2025Review
- Psychological and socio-economic correlates of cardiovascular health among young adults in Puerto Rico.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2024Article
- Does the association between physical activity during work and leisure and blood pressure differ across sex? A cross-sectional compositional data analysis in a Danish population-based cohort.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Subjective social status, health and well-being among older adults in China and South Korea: a cross-sectional analysis.BMJ open · 2024Article
- Overadjustment bias in systematic reviews and meta-analyses of socio-economic inequalities in health: a meta-research scoping review.International journal of epidemiology · 2024Article
- Relationship between combat-related traumatic injury and its severity to predicted cardiovascular disease risk: ADVANCE cohort study.BMC cardiovascular disorders · 2023Article
- Dress is a Fundamental Component of Person Perception.Personality and social psychology review : an official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc · 2023Review
- Subjective social status and functional and mobility impairments among older adults: life satisfaction and depression as mediators and moderators.BMC geriatrics · 2023Article
- Subjective Social Status and Longitudinal Changes in Systemic Inflammation.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Article
- Allostatic load and risk of all-cause, cancer-specific, and cardiovascular mortality in older cancer survivors: an analysis of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2010.Aging and cancer · 2023Article
23 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo determine the association between subjective social status (SSS), or the individual's perception of his or her position in the social hierarchy, and the odds of coronary artery disease (CAD), hypertension, diabetes, obesity and dyslipidaemia. STUDY
designSystematic review and meta-analysis.
methodsWe searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, Web of Science and reference lists of all included studies up to October 2014, with a verification search in July 2015. Inclusion criteria were original studies in adults that reported odds, risk or hazard ratios of at least one outcome of interest (CAD, hypertension, diabetes, obesity or dyslipidaemia), comparing 'lower' versus 'higher' SSS groups, where SSS is measured on a self-anchoring ladder. ORs were pooled using a random-effects model.
results10 studies were included in the systematic review; 9 of these were included in the meta-analysis. In analyses unadjusted for objective socioeconomic status (SES) measures such as income, education or occupation, the pooled OR comparing the bottom versus the top of the SSS ladder was 1.82 (95% CI 1.10 to 2.99) for CAD, 1.88 (95% CI 1.27 to 2.79) for hypertension, 1.90 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.87) for diabetes, 3.68 (95% CI 2.03 to 6.64) for dyslipidaemia and 1.57 (95% CI 0.95 to 2.59) for obesity. These associations were attenuated when adjusting for objective SES measures, with the only statistically significant association remaining for dyslipidaemia (OR 2.10, 95% CI 1.09 to 4.06), though all ORs remained greater than 1.
conclusionsLower SSS is associated with significantly increased odds of CAD, hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidaemia, with a trend towards increased odds of obesity. These trends are consistently present, though the effects attenuated when adjusting for SES, suggesting that perception of one's own status on a social hierarchy has health effects above and beyond one's actual income, occupation and education.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.